§1.2Περὶ μὲν οὖν φυτῶν, αὐτὰ καθ᾽ αὑτὰ χωρὶς ἐπισκεππτέον· περὶ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων τῆς γενέσεως λεκτέον κατὰ τὸν ἐπιβάλλοντα λόγον καθ᾽ ἕκαστον αὐτῶν, ἀπὸ τῶν εἰρημένων συνείροντας.
Now concerning plants, they must be investigated by themselves separately; but concerning the generation of the other animals, we must speak according to the appropriate discussion for each of them, linking our account to what has been said before.
καθάπερ γὰρ εἴπομεν, τῆς γενέσεως ἀρχὰς ἄν τις οὐχ ἥκιστα θείη τὸ θῆλυ καὶ τὸ ἄρρεν, τὸ μὲν ἄρρεν ὡς τῆς κινήσεως καὶ τῆς γενέσεως ἔχον τὴν ἀρχήν, τὸ δὲ θῆλυ ὡς ὕλης.
For as we said, one might lay down the female and the male as especially the principles of generation, the male as containing the principle of motion and of generation, and the female as containing that of matter.
τοῦτο δὲ μάλιστ’ ἄν τις πιστεύσειε θεωρῶν πῶς γίνεται τὸ σπέρμα καὶ πόθεν· ἐκ τούτου μὲν γὰρ τὰ φύσει γινόμενα συνίσταται, τοῦτο δὲ πῶς ἀπὸ τοῦ θήλεος καὶ τοῦ ἄρρενος συμβαίνει γίγνεσθαι, δεῖ μὴ λανθάνειν.
And one would believe this most of all by observing how semen is generated and from where; for while the things that are generated by nature are constituted from this, we must not fail to notice how this happens to be generated from the female and the male.
τῷ γὰρ ἀποκρίνεσθαι τὸ τοιοῦτον μόριον ἀπὸ τοῦ θήλεος καὶ τοῦ ἄρρενος, καὶ ἐν τούτοις τὴν ἀπόκρισιν εἶναι καὶ ἐκ τούτων, διὰ τοῦτο τὸ θῆλυ καὶ τὸ ἄρρεν ἀρχαὶ τῆς γενέσεώς εἰσιν.
For because such a part is secreted from the female and the male, and the secretion is in them and from them, for this reason the female and the male are the principles of generation.
ἄρρεν μὲν γὰρ λέγομεν ζῷον τὸ εἰς ἄλλο γεννῶν, θῆλυ δὲ τὸ εἰς αὑτό· διὸ καὶ ἐν τῷ ὅλῳ τὴν τῆς γῆς φύσιν ὡς θῆλυ καὶ μητέρα νομίζουσιν, οὐρανὸν δὲ καὶ ἥλιον ἤ τι τῶν ἄλλων τῶν τοιούτων ὡς γεννῶντας καὶ πατέρας προσαγορεύουσιν.
For we call that animal male which generates into another, and female that which generates into itself; wherefore also in the whole of nature they regard the earth as female and mother, and address the heaven and the sun or any other such things as generators and fathers.
τὸ δ᾽ ἄρρεν καὶ τὸ θῆλυ διαφέρει κατὰ μὲν τὸν λόγον τῷ δύνασθαι ἕτερον ἑκάτερον, κατὰ δὲ τὴν αἴσθησιν μορίοις τισίν, κατὰ μὲν τὸν λόγον τῷ ἄρρεν μὲν εἶναι τὸ δυνάμενον γεννᾶν εἰς ἕτερον, καθάπερ ἐλέχθη πρότερον, τὸ δὲ θῆλυ τὸ εἰς αὑτό, καὶ ἐξ οὗ γίνεται ἐνυπάρχον ἐν τῷ γεννῶντι τὸ γεννώμενον.
And the male and the female differ in definition by each having a different capacity, and in perception by certain parts; in definition by the male being that which is capable of generating into another, as was said before, and the female that which generates into itself, and from which the thing generated arises while existing within the generator.
ἐπεὶ δὲ δυνάμει διώρισται καὶ ἔργῳ τινί, δεῖται δὲ πρὸς πᾶσαν ἐργασίαν ὀργάνων, ὄργανα δὲ ταῖς δυνάμεσι τὰ μέρη τοῦ σώματος, ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι καὶ πρὸς τὴν τέκνωσιν καὶ τὸν συνδυασμὸν μόρια, καὶ ταῦτα διαφέροντ’ ἀλλήλων, καθὸ τὸ ἄρρεν διαίσει τοῦ θήλεος.
And since they are defined by a capacity and a certain function, and every function requires instruments, and the parts of the body are the instruments for the capacities, it is necessary that there should also be parts for procreation and union, and that these should differ from one another, in which respect the male will differ from the female.
εἰ γὰρ καὶ καθ’ ὅλου λέγεται τοῦ ζῴου τοῦ μὲν τὸ θῆλυ τοῦ δὲ τὸ ἄρρεν, ἀλλ᾽ vαι ὑστέραι, τοῦ δ’ ἄρρενος τὰ περὶ τοὺς ὄρχεις καὶ τοὺς περινέους ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς ἐναίμοις· τὰ μὲν γὰρ ὄρχεις ἔχει αὐτῶν, τὰ δὲ τοὺς τοιούτους πόρους.
For even if the animal as a whole is called female in one case and male in another, nevertheless [for the female] there are the uteri, and for the male the parts around the testes and the perineum in all blooded animals; for some of them have testes, and others have such passages.
εἰσὶ δὲ διαφοραὶ τοῦ θήλεος καὶ ἄρρενος καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἀναίμοις, ὅσα αὐτῶν ἔχει ταύτην τὴν ἐναντίωσιν.
And there are differences between the female and the male also in bloodless animals, as many of them as have this contrariety.
διαφέρει δ’ ἐν τοῖς ἐναίμοις τὰ μέρη τὰ πρὸς τὴν μίξιν τοῖς σχήμασιν.
And the parts for copulation differ in shape in blooded animals.
δεῖ δὲ νοεῖν ὅτι μικρᾶς ἀρχῆς μετακινουμένης πολλὰ συμμεταβάλλειν εἴωθε τῶν μετὰ τὴν ἀρχήν.
But we must understand that when a small principle is shifted, many of the things after the principle are accustomed to change with it.
δῆλον δὲ τοῦτο ἐπὶ τῶν ἐκτεμνομένων· τοῦ γεννητικοῦ γὰρ μορίου διαφθειρομένου μόνον ὅλη σχεδὸν ἡ μορφὴ συμμεταβάλλει τοῦτον ὥστε ἢ θῆλυ δοκεῖν εἶναι μικρὸν ἀπολείπειν, ὡς οὐ κατὰ τὸ τυχὸν μόριον οὐδὲ κατὰ τὴν τυχοῦσαν δύναμιν θῆλυ ὄν καὶ ἄρρεν τὸ ζῷον.
And this is clear in the case of those that are castrated; for when only the generative part is destroyed, almost the whole form changes with it, so that they seem to be female or to fall only slightly short of it, showing that it is not in respect of any random part or any random capacity that the animal is female and male.
φανερὸν οὗν ὅτι ἀρχή τις οὖσα φαίνεται τὸ θῆλυ καὶ τὸ ἄρρεν· πολλὰ γοῦν συμμεταβάλλει μεταβαλλόντων ᾗ θῆλυ καὶ ἄρρεν, ὡς ἀρχῆς μεταπιπτούσης.
It is clear, therefore, that the female and the male appear to be a certain principle; at any rate, many things change along with them when they change in respect of being female and male, as if a principle were changing.