§14Κινήσεως δέ ἐστιν εἴδη ἕξ, γένεσις, φθορά, αὔξησις, μείωσις, ἀλλοίωσις, ἡ κατὰ τόπον μεταβολή.
There are six species of movement: generation, destruction, increase, decrease, alteration, and change of place.
Αἱ μὲν οὖν ἄλλαι κινήσεις φανερὸν ὅτι ἕτεραι ἀλλήλων εἰσίν· οὐ γὰρ ἐστιν ἡ γένεσις φθορὰ οὐδέ γε ἡ αὔξησις μείωσις οὐδὲ ἡ κατὰ τόπον μεταβολή, ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ αἱ ἄλλαι·
Now, it is clear that the other movements are different from one another; for generation is not destruction, nor is increase decrease or change of place, and likewise for the others.
ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς ἀλλοιώσεως ἔχει τινὰ ἀπορίαν, μή ποτε ἀναγκαῖον ᾖ τὸ ἀλλοιούμενον κατά τινα τῶν λοιπῶν κινήσεων ἀλλοιοῦσθαι.
But in the case of alteration, there is a certain difficulty, lest perhaps it be necessary that that which is altered is altered according to some of the remaining movements.
Τοῦτο δὲ οὐκ ἀληθές ἐστι· σχεδὸν γὰρ κατὰ πάντα τὰ πάθη ἢ τὰ πλεῖστα ἀλλοιοῦσθαι συμβέβηκεν ἡμῖν οὐδεμιᾶς τῶν ἄλλων κινήσεων κοινωνοῦσιν·
But this is not true; for it happens that we are altered in respect of almost all or most of our affections without sharing in any of the other movements.
οὔτε γὰρ αὔξεσθαι ἀναγκαῖον τὸ κατὰ πάθος κινούμενον οὔτε μειοῦσθαι, ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων, ὥσθ᾿ ἑτέρα ἂν εἴη παρὰ τὰς ἄλλας κινήσεις ἡ ἀλλοίωσις·
For that which is moved in respect of an affection does not necessarily increase or decrease, and likewise with the others, so that alteration would be different from the other movements.
εἰ γὰρ ἦν ἡ αὐτή, ἔδει τὸ ἀλλοιούμενον εὐθὺς καὶ αὔξεσθαι ἢ μειοῦσθαι ἢ τινα τῶν ἄλλων ἀκολουθεῖν κινήσεων· ἀλλ᾿ οὐκ ἀνάγκη.
For if it were the same, that which is altered would have to immediately increase or decrease, or some of the other movements would have to follow; but it is not necessary.
Ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ τὸ αὐξανόμενον ἤ τινα ἄλλην κίνησιν κινούμενον ἀλλοιοῦσθαι ἔδει·
Likewise, that which increases or undergoes any other movement would have to be altered.
ἀλλ᾿ ἔστι τινὰ αὐξανόμενα ἃ οὐκ ἀλλοιοῦται, οἷον τὸ τετράγωνον γνώμονος περιτεθέντος ηὔξηται μέν, ἀλλοιότερον δὲ οὐδὲν γεγένηται·
But there are some things which increase but are not altered; for example, a square, when a gnomon is placed around it, has increased, but has become not at all different in quality.
ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν τοιούτων.
And likewise for the other such cases.
Ὥσθ᾿ ἕτεραι ἂν εἴησαν αἱ κινήσεις ἀλλήλων.
Thus, the movements would be different from one another.
Ἔστι δὲ ἁπλῶς μὲν κινήσει ἠρεμία ἐναντία, ταῖς δὲ καθ᾿ ἕκαστα αἱ καθ᾿ ἕκαστα, γενέσει μὲν φθορά, αὐξήσει δὲ μείωσις, τῇ δὲ κατὰ τόπον μεταβολῇ ἡ κατὰ τόπον ἠρεμία.
Simply, rest is contrary to movement, and to the particular movements the particular rests are contrary: to generation, destruction; to increase, decrease; and to change of place, rest in place.
Μάλιστα δ᾿ ἔοικεν ἀντικεῖσθαι ἡ πρὸς τὸν ἐναντίον τόπον μεταβολή, οἷον τῇ κάτωθεν ἡ ἄνω, τῇ δὲ ἄνωθεν ἡ κάτω.
But that which seems most of all opposed is the change to the contrary place, for example, to the change from below, that from above, and to that from above, that from below.
Τῇ δὲ λοιπῇ τῶν ἀποδοθεισῶν κινήσεων οὐ ῥᾴδιον ἀποδοῦναι τί ποτέ ἐστιν ἐναντίον, ἔοικε δὲ οὐδὲν εἶναι αὐτῇ ἐναντίον, εἰ μή τις καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτης τὴν κατὰ τὸ ποιὸν ἠρεμίαν ἀντιτιθείη ἢ τὴν εἰς τὸ ἐναντίον τοῦ ποιοῦ μεταβολήν, καθάπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς κατὰ τόπον μεταβολῆς τὴν κατὰ τόπον ἠρεμίαν ἢ τὴν εἰς τὸν ἐναντίον τόπον μεταβολήν· ἔστι γὰρ ἡ ἀλλοίωσις μεταβολὴ κατὰ τὸ ποιόν.
For the remaining of the assigned movements, it is not easy to assign what is contrary to it; and it seems that nothing is contrary to it, unless one were to oppose to this also the rest in respect of quality or the change into the contrary of the quality, just as to the change of place we opposed the rest in place or the change to the contrary place; for alteration is change in respect of quality.
Ὥστε ἀντικείσεται τῇ κατὰ τὸ ποιὸν κινήσει ἡ κατὰ τὸ ποιὸν ἠρεμία ἢ ἡ εἰς τὸ ἐναντίον τοῦ ποιοῦ μεταβολή, οἷον τὸ λευκὸν γίνεσθαι τῷ μέλαν γίνεσθαι· ἀλλοιοῦται γὰρ εἰς τὰ ἐναντία τοῦ ποιοῦ μεταβολῆς γινομένης.
Consequently, to the movement in respect of quality there will be opposed the rest in respect of quality or the change into the contrary of the quality, for example, becoming white to becoming black; for it is into the contraries that alteration takes place when a change in quality occurs.
§15Τὸ δὲ ἔχειν κατὰ πλείονας τρόπους λέγεται.
Having is said in several ways.
Ἢ γὰρ ὡς ἕξιν καὶ διάθεσιν ἢ ἄλλην τινὰ ποιότητα· λεγόμεθα γὰρ καὶ ἐπιστήμην τινὰ ἔχειν καὶ ἀρετήν.
Either as a habit and disposition or some other quality; for we are also said to have a certain science and virtue.
Ἢ ὡς ποσόν, οἷον ὃ τυγχάνει τις ἔχων μέγεθος· λέγεται γὰρ τρίπηχυ μέγεθος ἔχειν ἢ τετράπηχυ.
Or as a quantity, for example, the magnitude which one happens to have; for one is said to have a magnitude of three cubits or four cubits.
Ἢ ὡς τὰ περὶ τὸ σῶμα, οἷον ἱμάτιον ἢ χιτῶνα.
Or as the things about the body, for example, a cloak or a tunic.
Ἢ ὡς ἐν μορίῳ, οἷον ἐν χειρὶ δακτύλιον.
Or as in a part, for example, a ring on the hand.
Ἢ ὡς μέρος, οἷον χεῖρα ἢ πόδα.
Or as a part, for example, a hand or a foot.
Ἢ ὡς ἐν ἀγγείῳ, οἷον ὁ μέδιμνος τοὺς πυροὺς ἢ τὸ κεράμιον τὸν οἶνον· οἶνον γὰρ ἔχειν τὸ κεράμιον λέγεται, καὶ ὁ μέδιμνος πυρούς·
Or as in a vessel, for example, the medimnus containing wheat or the jar containing wine; for the jar is said to have wine, and the medimnus wheat.
ταῦτ᾿ οὖν πάντα ἔχειν λέγεται ὡς ἐν ἀγγείῳ.
All these, then, are said to have as in a vessel.
Ἢ ὡς κτῆμα· ἔχειν γὰρ οἰκίαν ἢ ἀγρὸν λεγόμεθα.
Or as a possession; for we are said to have a house or a field.
Λεγόμεθα δὲ καὶ γυναῖκα ἔχειν καὶ ἡ γυνὴ ἄνδρα·
We are also said to have a wife, and the wife to have a husband.
ἔοικε δὲ ἀλλοτριώτατος ὁ νῦν ῥηθεὶς τρόπος τοῦ ἔχειν· οὐδὲν γὰρ ἄλλο τῷ ἔχει γυναῖκα σημαίνομεν ἢ ὅτι συνοικεῖ.
But the way of having just mentioned seems to be the most foreign; for by 'having a wife' we signify nothing other than that he cohabits with her.
Ἴσως δ᾿ ἂν καὶ ἄλλοι τινὲς φανείησαν τοῦ ἔχειν τρόποι· οἱ δὲ εἰωθότες λέγεσθαι σχεδὸν ἅπαντες κατηρίθμηνται.
Perhaps some other ways of having might also appear, but almost all those which are customarily spoken of have been enumerated.