§1.1Ἡ περὶ φύσεως ἐπιστήμη σχεδὸν ἡ πλείστη φαίνεται περί τε σώματα καὶ μεγέθη καὶ τὰ τούτων οὖσα πάθη καὶ τὰς κινήσεις, ἔτι δὲ περὶ τὰς ἀρχάς, ὅσαι τῆς τοιαύτης οὐσίας εἰσίν·
The science of nature appears, for the most part, to be concerned with bodies and magnitudes, and their properties and movements, and further with their principles, as many as belong to such a substance.
τῶν γὰρ φύσει συνεστώτων τὰ μέν ἐστι σώματα καὶ μεγέθη, τὰ δʼ ἔχει σῶμα καὶ μέγεθος, τὰ δʼ ἀρχαὶ τῶν ἐχόντων είσίν.
For of things constituted by nature, some are bodies and magnitudes, others have body and magnitude, and others are the principles of those that have them.
συνεχὲς μὲν οὖν ἐστὶ τὸ διαιρετὸν εἰς ἀεὶ διαιρετά, σῶμα δὲ τὸ πάντῃ διαιρετόν.
Now, continuous is that which is divisible into always divisibles, and body is that which is divisible in all ways.
μεγέθους δὲ τὸ μὲν ἐφʼ ἓν γραμμή, τὸ δʼ ἐπὶ δύο ἐπύτεδον, τὸ δʼ ἐπὶ τρία σῶμα.
Of magnitude, that which is in one direction is a line, that in two directions is a surface, and that in three is a body.
καὶ παρὰ ταῦτα οὐκ ἔστιν ἄλλο μέγεθος διὰ τὸ τὰ τρία πάντα εἶναι καὶ τὸ τρὶς πάντη.
And besides these there is no other magnitude, because three is all, and "thrice" is in every way.
καθάπερ γάρ φασι καὶ οἱ Πυθαγόρειοι, τὸ πἄν καὶ τὰ πάντα τοῖς τρισὶν ὥρισται· τελευτὴ γὰρ καὶ μέσον καὶ ἀρχὴ τὸν ἀριθμὸν ἔχει τὸν τοῦ παντός, ταῦτα δὲ τὸν τῆς τριάδος.
For, as the Pythagoreans also say, the whole and all things are determined by three; for end, middle, and beginning contain the number of the whole, and these contain the number of the triad.
διὸ παρὰ τῆς φύσεως εἰληφότες ὥσπερ νόμους ἐκείνης, καὶ πρὸς τὰς ἁγιστείας χροώμεθα τῶν θεῶν τῷ ἀριθμῷ τούτῳ.
Wherefore, having received this from nature as if it were her laws, we use this number also for the sacred rites of the gods.
ἀποδίδομεν δὲ καὶ τὰς προσηγορίας τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον· τὰ γὰρ δύο ἄμφω μὲν λέγομεν καὶ τούς δύο ἀμφοτέρους, πάντας δʼ οὐ λέγομεν, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τῶν τριῶν ταύτην τὴν προσηγορίαν εἰλήφαμεν πρῶτον.
And we assign appellations also in this manner; for of two things we say "both" and of two persons "both of them," but we do not say "all," but we first received this appellation in the case of three things.
ταῦτα δʼ, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, διὰ τὸ τὴν φύσιν αὐτὴν οὕτοως ἐπάγειν ἀκολουθοῦμεν.
And in this, as has been said, we follow because nature itself leads us in this way.
ὥστʼ ἐπεὶ τὰ πάντα καὶ τὸ πᾶν καὶ τὸ τελείαν οὐ λατα τὴν ἰδέαν διαφέρουσιν ἀλλήλων, ἀλλʼ εἴπερ, ἔν τῇ ὕiρ καὶ ἐφʼ ὧν λέγονται, τὸ σῶμα μόνον ἂν εἴη τῶν μεγεθῶν τέλειον· μόνον γὰρ ὥρισται τοῖς τρισίν.
So that since "all things," "the whole," and "the complete" do not differ from one another in their form, but, if at all, in their matter and in the subjects of which they are said, body alone of magnitudes would be complete; for it alone is determined by three.
τοῦτο δʼ ἐστὶ πᾶν.
And this is the whole.
τριχῇ δὲ ὄν διαιρετὸν πάντῃ διαιρετόν ἐστιν· τῶν δʼ ἄλλων τὸ μὲν ἐφʼ ἕν, τὸ δʼ ἐπὶ δύο·
Being divisible in three ways, it is divisible in all ways; but of the others, one is in one direction, the other in two.
ὡς γὰρ τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ τετυχήκασιν, οὕτω καὶ τῆς διαιρέσεως καὶ τοῦ συνεχοῦς· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἐφʼ ἓν συνεχές, τὸ δʼ ἐπὶ δύο, τὸ δὲ πάντη τοιοῦτον.
For as they have obtained their number, so also have they obtained division and continuity; for one is continuous in one direction, another in two, and the third is such in all ways.
ὅσα μὲν οὖν διαιρετὰ τῶν μεγεθῶν, καὶ συνεχῆ ταῦτα.
Now, as many of the magnitudes as are divisible, these are also continuous.
εἰ δὲ καὶ τὰ συνεχῆ πάντα διαιρετά, οὔπαω δῆλον ἐκ τῶν νῦν·
But whether all continuous things are also divisible is not yet clear from what has now been said.
ἀλλʼ ἐκεῖνο μὲν δῆλον, ὡς οὐκ ἔστιν εἰς ἄλλο γένος μετάβασις, ὥσπερ ἐκ μήκους εἰς ἐπιφάνειαν, εἰς δὲ σῶμα ἐξ ἐπιφανείας·
But this much is clear, that there is no transition into another genus, as from length into surface, and into body from surface.
οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἔτι τὸ τοιοῦτον τέλειον εἴη μέγεθος·
For such a magnitude would no longer be complete.
ἀνάγκη γὰρ γίγνεσθαι τὴν ἔκβασιν κατὰ τὴν ἔλλειψιν,, οὐχ οἷόν τε δὲ τὸ τέλειον ἐλλείπειν· πάντῃ γάρ ἐστιν.
For the transition must take place according to a deficiency, and it is not possible for the complete to be deficient, since it is in all ways.
τῶν μὲν οὖν ἐν μορίου εἴδει σωμάτων κατὰ τὸν λόγον ἕκαστον τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν. πάσας γὰρ ἔχει τὰς διαστάσεις.
Now, of the bodies that are in the form of a part, each is such according to the definition, for it has all dimensions.
ἀλλʼ ὥρισται πρὸς τὸ πλησίον ἀφῇ, διὸ τρόπον τινὰ πολλά τῶν σωμάτων ἕκαστόν ἐστιν.
But it is determined in relation to what is adjacent by contact, wherefore in a way each of these bodies is many.
τὸ δὲ ετᾶν οὗ ταῦτα μόρια, τέλειον ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι καὶ καθάπερ τοὔνομα σημαίνει πάντῃ, καὶ μὴ τῇ μὲν τῇ δʼ οὔ.
But the whole of which these are parts must be complete, and, as its name signifies, complete in all ways, and not in one respect and not in another.