§54Μάλιστα δὲ τοῦτο συμφανές ἐστιν ἐπὶ τῆς ῥίνης· διὰ γάρ τὸ τὴν τοῦ ἀέρος πληγὴν ἅμα γίγνεσθαι κατὰ μικρὰ καὶ πολλά, τραχεῖς οἱ ψόφοι προσπίπτουσιν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν πρὸς τὴν ἀκοήν, καὶ μᾶλλον, ὅταν πρὸς σκληρόν τι παρατρίβωνται, καθάπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ἁφῆς· τὰ γὰρ σκληρὰ καὶ τραχέα βιαιότερον ποιεῖται τὴν αἴσθησιν.
This is especially manifest in the case of the file; for because the blow upon the air occurs at the same time in small and numerous parts, the noises fall upon the hearing as rough from them, and more so when they are rubbed against something hard, just as also in the case of touch; for hard and rough things make a more violent sensation.
§55Δῆλον δὲ τοῦτό ἐστι καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ῥευμάτων· τοῦ γὰρ ἐλαίου γίνεται πολὺ πάντων τῶν ὑγρῶν ὁ ψόφος ἀδηλότερος διὰ τὴν συνέχειαν τὴν τῶν μορίων.
And this is clear also in the case of flowing liquids; for the noise of oil becomes much more indistinct than that of all other liquids because of the continuity of its particles.
Λεπταὶ δʼ εἰσὶ τῶν φωνῶν, ὅταν ὀλίγον ᾖ τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἐκπῖπτον.
But voices are thin when the breath that emerges is small.
§56Διὸ καὶ τῶν παιδίων γίγνονται λεπταί, καὶ τῶν γυναικῶν καὶ τῶν εύνούχων, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τῶν διαλελυμένων διὰ νόσον ἢ πόνον ἢ ἀτροφίαν· οὐ δύνανται γὰρ πολὺ τὸ πνεῦμα διὰ τὴν ἀσθένειαν ἐκπέμπειν.
Therefore also the voices of children become thin, and those of women and of eunuchs, and in the same way also those of people who are debilitated through disease or labor or lack of nourishment; for they are unable to send out much breath because of their weakness.
§57Δῆλον δʼ ἐστὶ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν χορδῶν· ἀπὸ γὰρ τῶν λεπτῶν καὶ τὰ φωνία γίγνεται λεπτὰ καὶ στενὰ καὶ τριχώδη, διὰ τὸ καὶ τοῦ ἀέρος τὴν πληγὴν γίγνεσθαι κατὰ στενόν.
And this is clear also in the case of strings; for from thin strings the sounds also become thin and narrow and hair-like, because the blow upon the air also occurs in a narrow space.
Οἵας γὰρ ἂν τὰς ἀρχὰς ἔχωσι τῆς κινήσεως αἱ τοῦ ἀέρος πληγαί, τοιαύτας καὶ τὰς φωνὰς συμβαίνει γίγνεσθαι προσπιπτούσας πρὸς τὴν ἀκοήν, οἷον ἀραιὰς ἢ πυκνάς, ἢ μαλακὰς ἢ σκληράς, ἢ λεπτὰς ἢ παχείας.
For whatever qualities the blows upon the air have at the beginnings of their movement, such also do the voices happen to be when they fall upon the hearing, as for instance rare or dense, soft or hard, thin or thick.
§58Ἀεὶ γὰρ ὁ ἕτερος ἀὴρ τὸν ἕτερον κινῶν ὡσαύτως ποιεῖ τὴν φωνὴν ἅπασαν ὁμοίαν, καθάπερ ἔχει καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ὀξύτητος καὶ τῆς βαρύτητος· καὶ γὰρ τὰ τάχη τὰ τῆς πληγῆς τὰ ἕτερα τοῖς ἑτέροις συνακολουθοῦντα διαφυλάττει τὰς φωνὰς ταῖς ἀρχαῖς ὁμοίως.
For always one part of the air, setting another in motion, makes the whole voice similar in the same way, just as it is also in the case of high pitch and deep pitch; for the speeds of the blow, following one after another, preserve the voices similar to their beginnings.
§59Αἱ δὲ πληγαὶ γίνονται μὲν τοῦ ἀέρος ὑπὸ τῶν χορδῶν πολλαὶ καὶ κεχωρισμέναι, διὰ δὲ μικρότητα τοῦ μεταξὺ χρόνου τῆς ἀκοῆς οὐ δυναμένης συναισθάνεσθαι τὰς διαλείψεις, μία καὶ συνεχὴς ἡμῖν ἡ φωνὴ φαίνεται, καθάπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν χρωμάτων· καὶ γὰρ τούτων τὰ διεστηκότα δοκεῖ πολλάκις ἡμῖν συνάπτειν ἀλλήλοις, ὅταν φέρωνται ταχέως.
And the blows upon the air made by the strings are numerous and separate, but because of the shortness of the intervening time, since the hearing is unable to perceive the intervals, the voice appears to us as one and continuous, just as also in the case of colors; for those that are separated often seem to us to join together with one another when they are moved rapidly.
§60Τὸ δὲ αὐτὸ συμβαίνει τοῦτο καὶ περὶ τὰς συμφωνίας.
And this same thing happens also regarding consonances.
Διὰ γὰρ τὸ περισυγκαταλαμβάνεσθαι τοὺς ἑτέρους ἤχους ὑπὸ τῶν ἑτέρων, καὶ γίγνεσθαι τὰς καταπαύσεις αὐτῶν ἅμα, λανθάνουσιν ἡμᾶς αἱ μεταξὺ γιγνόμεναι φωναί.
For because the one sounds are comprehended along with the others, and their cessations occur at the same time, the voices that occur in between escape our notice.
§61Πλεονάκις μὲν γὰρ ἐν πάσαις ταῖς συμφωνίαις ὑπὸ τῶν ὀξυτέρων φθόγγων αἱ τοῦ ἀέρος γίγνονται πληγαὶ διὰ τὸ τάχος τῆς κινήσεως· τὸν δὲ τελευταῖον τῶν ἤχων ἅμα συμβαίνει προσπίπτειν ἡμῖν πρὸς τὴν ἀκοὴν καὶ τὸν ἀπὸ τῆς βραδυτέρας γιγνόμενον.
For indeed more frequently in all consonances the blows upon the air are made by the higher-pitched sounds because of the speed of their movement; but it happens that the last of the sounds falls upon our hearing at the same time as that which is produced from the slower movement.
§62Ὤστε τῆς ἀκοῆς οὐ δυναμένης αἰσθάνεσθαι, καθάπερ εἴρηται, τὰς μεταξὺ φωνάς, ἅμα δοκοῦμεν ἀμφοτέρων τῶν φθόγγων ἀκούειν συνεχῶς.
So that, since the hearing is unable to perceive the intermediate voices, as has been said, we seem to hear both sounds at the same time continuously.
Παχεῖαι δʼ εἰσὶ τῶν φωνῶν τοὐναντίον, ὅταν ᾖ τὸ πνεῦμα πολὺ καὶ ἀθρόον ἐκπῖπτον· διὸ καὶ τῶν ἀνδρῶν εἰσὶ παχύτεραι καὶ τῶν τελείων αὐλῶν, καὶ μᾶλλον ὅταν πληρώσῃ τις αὐτοὺς τοῦ πνεύματος.
But voices are thick, on the contrary, when the breath that emerges is much and in a mass; therefore also the voices of men are thicker, and those of complete auloi, and more so when one fills them with breath.
§63Φανερὸν δʼ ἐστίν· καὶ γὰρ ἄν πιέσῃ τις τὰ ζεύγη, μᾶλλον ὀξντέρα ἡ φωνὴ γίγνεται καὶ λεπτοτέρα.
And it is manifest; for if one presses the reed-pairs, the voice becomes higher-pitched and thinner.
Κἂν κατασπάσῃ τις τὰς σύριγγας, κἂν δὲ ἐπιλάβῃ, παμπλείων ὁ ὄγκος γίγνεται τῆς φωνῆς διὰ τὸ πλῆθος τοῦ πνεύματος, καθάπερ καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν παχυτέρων χορδῶν.
But if one draws down the sliding-tubes, or if one stops the holes, the volume of the voice becomes very much greater because of the abundance of the breath, just as also from thicker strings.
§64Παχεῖαι δὲ γίγνονται καὶ τῶν τραγιζόντων καὶ τῶν βραγχιώντων, καὶ μετὰ τοὺς ἐμέτους, διὰ τὴν τραχύτητα τῆς ἀρτηρίας καὶ διὰ τὸ μὴ ὑπεξάγειν ἀλλʼ αὐτοῦ προσκόπτουσαν ἀνειλεῖσθαι τὴν φωνὴν καὶ λαμβάνειν ὄγκον, καὶ μάλιστα διὰ τὴν ὑγρότητα τοῦ σώματος.
And the voices also become thick of those whose voices are breaking, and of those who are hoarse, and after vomiting, because of the roughness of the windpipe and because the voice does not pass out but, striking against it, is rolled back and takes on volume, and most of all because of the moisture of the body.