§1Τὰς δὲ φωνὰς ἁπάσας συμβαίνει γίγνεσθαι καὶ τοὺς ψόφους ἢ τῶν σμάτων ἢ τοῦ ἀέρος πρὸς τὰ σώματα προσπίπτοντος, οὐ τῷ τὸν ἀέρα σχηματίζεσθαι, καθάπερ οἴονταί τινες, ἀλλὰ τῷ κινεῖσθαι παραπλησίως αὐτὸν συστελλόμενον καὶ κτεινόμενον καὶ καταλαμβανόμενον, ἔτι δὲ συγκρούοντα διὰ τὰς τοῦ πνεύματος καὶ τῶν χορδῶν γιγνομένας πληγάς.
It happens that all voices and sounds arise either from bodies [striking one another] or from the air striking against bodies, not because the air is shaped, as some think, but because it is moved in a similar way, being contracted and stretched and compressed, and further colliding due to the blows that arise from the breath and the strings.
§2Ὅταν γὰρ τὸν ἐφεξῆς ἀέρα πλήξῃ τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἐμπῖπτον αὐτῷ, ὁ ἀὴρ ἤδη φέρεται βίᾳ, τὸν ἐχόμενον αὑτοῦ προωθῶν ὁμοίως, ὥστε πάντη τὴν φωνὴν διατείνειν τὴν αὐτόν, ἐφʼ ὅσον συμβαίνει γίγνεσθαι καὶ τοῦ ἀέρος τὴν κίνησιν.
For when the breath falling upon it strikes the adjacent air, the air is then carried with force, pushing forward the air next to it in like manner, so that the voice extends in every direction as the same [voice], as far as the movement of the air happens to reach.
Διαχεῖται γὰρ ἐπὶ πλέονα ἡ βία τῆς κινήσεως αὐτοῦ γιγνμμένης, ὥσπερ καὶ τὰ πνεύματα τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ποταμῶν καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς χώρας ἀποπνέοντα.
For the force of its movement, as it occurs, is diffused over a wider area, just like the winds blowing from rivers and from the land.
§3Τῶν δὲ φωνῶν τυφλαὶ μέν είσι καὶ νεφώδεις ὅσαι τυγχάνουσιν αὐτοῦ καταπεπνιγμνέναι· λαμπραὶ δὲ οἶσαι πόρρω διατείνουσι, καὶ πάντα πληροῦσι τὸν συνεχῆ τόπον, Ἀναπνέομεν δὲ τὸν μὲν ἀέρα πάντες τὸν αὐτόν, τὸ δὲ πνεῦμα καὶ τὰς φωνὰς ἐκπέμπομεν ἀλλοίας διὰ τὰς τῶν ὑποκειμένων ἀγγείων διαφοράς, δι' ὧν ἑκάστου τὸ πνεῦμα περαιοῦται [τὰ] πρὸς τὸν ἔξω τόπον.
Of voices, those are dull and cloudy which happen to be smothered in [the throat] itself; but those which are clear extend far, and fill all the continuous space. We all breathe in the same air, but we send out our breath and voices of different kinds because of the differences in the underlying vessels through which the breath of each of us passes to the outer region.
§4Ταῦτα δέ ἐστιν ἥ τε ἀρτηρία καὶ ὁ πνεύμων καὶ τὸ στόμα.
These are the windpipe, the lungs, and the mouth.
Πλείστην μὲν οὖν διαφορὰν ἀπεργάζονται τῆς φωνῆς αἵ τε τοῦ ἀέρος πληγαὶ καὶ οἱ τοῦ στόματος σχηματισμοί.
Now, the greatest difference in voice is produced by the blows of the air and the configurations of the mouth.
§5Φανερὸν δʼ ἐστίν· καὶ γὰρ τῶν φθόγγων αἱ διαφοραὶ πάσαι γίγνονται διὰ ταύτην τὴν αἰτίαν, καὶ τούς αὐτοὺς ὁρῶμεν μιμουμένους καὶ ἵππων φωνὰς καὶ βατράχων καὶ ἀηδόνων καὶ γεράνων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων σχεδὸν ἀπάντων, τῷ αὐτῷ χρωμένους πνεύματι καὶ ἀρτηρίᾳ, παρὰ τὸ τὸν ἀέρα διαφόρως ἐκπέμπειν αὐτοὺς ἐκ τοῦ στόματος.
And this is clear; for all differences of musical sounds arise from this cause, and we see the same people imitating the voices of horses, frogs, nightingales, cranes, and almost all other animals, using the same breath and windpipe, simply by sending the air out from their mouths in different ways.
§6Πολλὰ δὲ καὶ τῶν ὀρνέων, ὅταν ἀκούσωσι, μιμοῦνται τὰς τῶν ἄλλων φωνὰς διὰ τὴν εἰρημένην αἰτίαν.
Many birds too, when they hear them, imitate the voices of other animals for the reason mentioned.
Ὁ δὲ πνεύμων ὅταν ᾖ μικρὸς καὶ πυκνὸς καὶ σκληρός, οὔτε δέχεσθαι τὸν ἀέρα δύναται πολύν εἰς αὐτὸν οὔτε ἐκπέμπειν πάλιν ἔξω, οὐδὲ τὴν πληγὴν ἰσχυρὰν οὐδὲ εὔρωστον ποιεῖσθαι τὴν τοῦ πνεύματος.
But when the lungs are small, dense, and hard, they can neither receive much air into themselves nor send it out again, nor make the blow of the breath strong or robust.
§7Διὰ γὰρ τὸ εἶναι σκληρὸς καὶ πυκνὸς καὶ συνδεδεμένος οὐ δύναται λαμβάνειν τὴν διαστολὴν ἐπὶ πολύν τόπον, οὐδὲ πάλιν ἐκ πολλοῦ διαστήματος συνάγων ἑαυτὸν ἐκθλίβειν βίᾳ τὸ πνεῦμα, καθάπερ οὐδʼ ἡμεῖς ταῖς φύσαις, ὅταν ὦσι σκληραὶ καὶ μήτε διαστέλλεσθαι μήτε πιέζεσθαι δύνωνται ῥᾳδίως.
For because of being hard, dense, and tightly bound, it cannot expand over a large space, nor, contracting itself from a great distance, force out the breath with power; just as we cannot with bellows when they are stiff and can neither expand nor be compressed easily.
§8Τοῦτο γάρ ἐστι τὸ ποιοῦν τὴν τοῦ πνεύματος πληγὴν εὔρωστον, ὅταν ὁ πνεύμων ἐκ πολλοῦ διαστήματος συνάγων αὑτὸν ἐκθλίβῃ τὸν ἀέρα βιαίως.
For this is what makes the blow of the breath robust: when the lungs, contracting from a great distance, force out the air violently.
Δῆλον δὲ τοῦτʼ ἐστίν·
And this is clear; for none of the other parts of the body can make a strong blow from a short distance.
οὐδὲ γὰρ τῶν ἄλλων μορίων οὐθὲν ἐκ μικρᾶς ἀποστάσεως δύναται ποιεῖσθαι τὴν πληγὴν ἰσχυράν. §9Οὔτε γὰρ τῷ σκέλει δυνατόν ἐστιν οὔτε τῇ χειρὶ πατάξαι σφοδρῶς οὐδὲ ἀπορρῖψαι πόρρω τὸ πληγέν, ἐὰν μή τις αὐτῶν ἑκατέρῳ ἐκ πολλοῦ λάβη τῆς πληγῆς τὴν ἀπόστασιν.
For it is not possible to strike violently with either the leg or the hand, nor to hurl the struck object far, unless one takes a great distance for the blow with either of them.
Εἰ δὲ μή, σκληρὰ μὲν ἡ πληγὴ γίγνεται διὰ τὴν συντονίαν, ἐκβιάζεσθαι δὲ οὐ δύναται πόρρω τὸ πληγέν, ἐπεὶ οὔθ’ οἱ καταπέλται μακρὰν δύνανται βάλλειν οὔθʼ ἡ σφενδόνη οὔτε τόξον, ἄν ᾖ σκληρὸν καὶ μὴ δύνηται κάμπτεσθαι, μηδὲ τὴν ἀναγωσγὴν ἡ νευρὰ λαμβάνειν ἐπὶ πολὺν τόπον.
Otherwise, though the blow becomes hard due to the tension, the struck object cannot be forced far; since neither catapults can shoot far, nor a sling, nor a bow, if it is stiff and cannot bend, nor can the string be drawn back over a wide space.
§10Ἐὰν δὲ μέγας ὁ πνεύμων ᾖ καὶ μαλακὸς καὶ εὔτονος, πολὺν τὸν ἀέρα δύναται δέχεσθαι, καὶ τοῦτον ἐκπέμπειν πάλιν, ταμιευόμενος ὡς ἂν βούληται διὰ τὴν μαλακότητα καὶ διὰ τὸ ῥᾳδίως αὐτὸν συστέλλειν.
But if the lungs are large, soft, and well-toned, they can receive a lot of air and send it out again, regulating it as they wish because of their softness and because they contract easily.
Ἡ δὲ ἀρτηρία μακρὰ μὲν ὅταν ᾖ καὶ στενή, χαλεπῶς ἐκπέμπουσιν ἔξω τὴν φωνὴν καὶ μετὰ βίας πολλῆς διὰ τὸ μῆκος τῆς τοῦ πνεύματος φοράς.
But when the windpipe is long and narrow, they send the voice out with difficulty and with much force because of the length of the journey of the breath.