Humanitext Reader

Aristotle · Constitution of the Athenians §66-67

Assignment of Court Officers and Time Limits by Water-Clock

Passage 32 of 33 · Greek

Summary

The chapter explains the procedure for assigning presiding offices to each court and drawing lots for jurors to manage the water-clock and votes. It also describes the regulations for calling private and public cases, including the specific time limits allocated for speeches using water-clocks.

§66LXVI. ἐπειδὰν δὲ πάντα πλή[ρ]η ᾖ τὰ δικαστήρια, τίθεται ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ τ]ῶν δικαστηρ[ί]ω[ν] β κληρωτήρια καὶ κύβοι χαλκοῖ, ἐν οἷς ἐπιγέγραπται τὰ χ[ρ]ώματα τῶν δι]κ[ασ]τηρίων, καὶ ἕτεροι κύ[βο]ι ἐν οἷς ἐσ[τι]ν τῶν ἀρ[χῶ]ν τὰ ὀ]νό[μ]ατα ἐπιγε[γ]ραμμένα.
LXVI. And when all the courts are full, there are placed in the first of the courts two allotment machines and bronze dice, on which are inscribed the colors of the courts, and other dice on which are inscribed the names of the offices.
λαχόντες δὲ] τῶν θεσ[μ]οθετῶν δύο χωρὶς ἑκατέρων τοὺς κύ[β]ο[υς ἐμ]βάλλουσιν, ὁ μὲν τα χρώματα ε[ἲς τὸ ἕν] κλ[ηρ]ωτήριον, ὁ δὲ τῶν ἀρχῶν τὰ ὀν[ό]ματα εἰς τὸ] ἕτ[ερο]ν η δ’ ἂν π[ρ]ώτη λάχῃ τῶν ἀρχῶν, α[ὕ]τ[η ἀ]ναγορεύεται ὑπὸ τοῦ κήρυκος ὅ]τι χρήσε[τα]ι τ]ῷ π[ρ]ώτῳ I λ]αχόντι δ]ικα[στηρίῳ, ἡ δὲ δευτέ]ρ[α τῷ] δευτέρῳ καὶ ὡ[σαύτως τοῖς ἄλλοις, ἵ]να μηδ]εμία προειδ[ῇ τίνι αὐτῶν χρήσεται], ἀλλ’ οῐο]ν ἂν λά[χ]ῃ ἑκάσ[τη, τούτῳ χρήσηται.
And two of the thesmothetes, chosen by lot, throw the dice in separately, one throwing the colors into the one allotment machine, and the other the names of the offices into the other. And whichever of the offices is drawn first is announced by the herald as having to use the first court drawn, and the second the second, and in the same manner for the others, so that no office may know beforehand which of them it will use, but each may use whichever it draws by lot.
ἐπε]ιδὰ[ν δ’ ἔλ]θωσιν καὶ ν[ενεμημένοι ἐφ’ ἕκαστον ὦ]σιν οἱ δικα]σταί, ἡ ἀρχὴ ἡ ἐφεστηκυῖα ἐν τ]ῷ δ[ικασ]τηρίῳ ἑκάστῳ ἕλκει ἐξ ἑκάτου τοῦ] κιβ[ω]τίου πινάκιον ἕν, ἵνα γένωνται δέκα], εἷς ἐξ ἑ]κάστης τῆς φυ[λῆς, καὶ ταῦτα τὰ πινάκ]ια εἰς] ἕτερον κενὸν ε[ιβώτιον ἐμβάλλει, καὶ] τού[των εݲ] τοὺς πρώτους λα[χόντας κληροῖ, αݲ μὲν] ἐπ[ὶ τὸ υ]δωρ, τέτταρας ᾶἄλλους επὶ τὰς ψή]φους, ἵνα μηδεὶς παρασκε[υάζη]ι μήτε] τὸv ἐ[πὶ τὸ] ὕδωρ μήτε τοὺ[ς επὶ τ]ὰς ψή[φου]ς, μη[δὲ γί]γνηται περὶ ταῦτ[α κα]κούρ[γημ]α μηδ[έ]ν.
And when the jurors have arrived and have been distributed to each court, the presiding office in each court draws one ticket from each box, so that they may become ten, one from each tribe, and throws these tickets into another empty box, and from these draws by lot the first five as chosen, one for the water-clock, and four others for the votes, so that no one may tamper beforehand with either the one over the water or those over the votes, and that no fraud may occur concerning these things.
οἱ δὲ ἀπολαχόντ[ες π]έντε π[αρ]ὰ τούτ[ω]ν ἀπολαμβάνουσ[ι τὸ π]ρόγ[ραμμ]α καθότι τὸν μισθὸν λ[ήψο]ντ[αι], καὶ ὅπου ἕκ[α]σται αἰ φυλαὶ ἐν α[ὐτῷ] τῷ δικ[α]στηρίῳ, ἐ[π]ειδὰν δικάσωσι[ν, ὅπως] διαστάντες ἕκα[στο]ι κατ’ ἀλίγους λάβ]ωσι, κα[ὶ] μὴ πολλο[ὶ] εἰς ταὐτὸ συγκλε[ισθέντες ἀλ]λήλοις ἐνοχλῶ[σι]ν.
And the remaining five who were not drawn receive from them the program as to how they shall receive their pay, and where each of the tribes shall stand in the court itself, when they have given judgment, so that they may disperse and receive their pay in small groups, and not obstruct one another by being crowded in large numbers into the same place.
§67LXVII. ταῦτα δὲ ποιήσ[αντες εἰ]σκαλοῦσι τοὺς ἀγῶνας, ὅταν μὲν τὰ ἴδια δι]κάζωσι, τοὺς ἰδίους, τῷ ἀριθμῷ 8 ἐ]ξ ἑκά]στων τ]ῶν δικῶν τ[ῶ]ν ἐκ τοῦ νόμο[υ], κ[α]ὶ δ[ιο]μνύ[ουσι]ν οἱ ἀντίδικοι εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ πρᾶγμ[α] ἐρεῖν·
LXVII. Having done these things, they call the cases; when they are judging private cases, they call the private ones, four in number from each class of actions prescribed by law, and the litigants swear to speak directly to the point.
ὅταν] δὲ τὰ δ[η]μόσια, τοὺς δημοσίο[υ]ς, καὶ ἕν[α μόνον ἐ]κδικάζουσι.
When they are judging public cases, they call the public ones, and they try only one case.
εἰσὶ δὲ κλεψύδ[ραι] αὐλ[ίσκους] ἔχοουσ[αι μι]κρούς, εἰς ἅς τὸ ὕδ[ω]ρ ἐγχέ[ουσι, πτὸ]ς ὅ δεῖ λ]έγειν τὰς δίκας.
And there are water-clocks having small tubes, into which they pour the water, according to which the cases must be pleaded.
δίδ[οτ]αι δεκά[χους τ]αῖς ὑπὲρ πεντακισχιλίας, καὶ τρίχ[ο]υς τῷ δ[ευτέρῳ] λό[γῳ], ἑπτάχους δὲ ταῖς μεχρι πεν[τα]κ[ι]σχ[ιλί]ων καὶ δίχους, πεν]τάχους δὲ τα[ῖς] ἐν[τὸ]ς ᾶ] καὶ δίχους, εξάχους δὲ ταῖς διαδικ[ασ]ί[α]ις, [ ὕστ]ερον λόγος οὐκ ἔσ[τιν οὐ]δεί[ς.
Ten choes are given for cases involving more than five thousand drachmas, and three choes for the second speech; seven choes for cases up to five thousand, and two choes for the second; five choes for cases under one thousand, and two choes for the second; and six choes for claims of sole right, after which there is no second speech.
ὁ] δ’ ἐ[φ’ ὕδ]ωρ εἰ]λη[χ]ὼς ἐπιλαμβάνει | τὸv α[ὐλίσκον ὅταν φήφισμα ἢ] νόμον ἢ μαρ[τυρίαν ἢ σύμβολον ὁ γραμμ]ατεὺς ἀναγι[γνώσκειν μελλῃ ὅταν δὲ] ᾖ πρὸς] διαμεμετρη[μένην τὴv ἡμέρα]ν ὁ ἀγών, τότ]ε δὲ οὐκ ἐπιλαμβ[άνει αὐτόν, ἀλλὰ δίδοτα]ι τὸ ἴσο]ν ὕδωρ τῷ τε κα[τηγοροῦντι καὶ τὼ ἀπο]λογ[ουμ]ένῳ.
And the one who has drawn the lot over the water-clock stops the tube whenever the secretary is about to read a decree or a law or a testimony or a contract. But when the trial is by the allotted day, then he does not stop it, but equal water is given to both the accuser and the defender.
διαμετ[ρεῖται δὲ π[ρὸς τὰς ἡμέ]ρα[ς το]ῦ Ποσιδεῶνος μηνός.
And it is measured according to the days of the month of Posideon...
. . . . . . . . . . . ]apo. . . νται χρῶντ[αι. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ια[. τενταις τα κλι[. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ἀπ]ο. . [. . ασιν οἱ δι[κ]ασ[ταὶ.
... the jurors...
. . . . . . . . . . . ολ. . [. . ε]ἰς ὅν ἕκαστοι λ[. . . . . . . . . . . . τε. [. . ] γὰρ ἔσπευδον [. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . πετ[. ρος ἐξωθεῖν τοὺς [. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . λει. . V ὕδωρ λαμβα[ν. . . . . . . . . . . . . ] εἰ[σίν, ὁ] μὲν ἕτερος τοῖς δ[ιώκουσιν. 6 δὲ ἔτερος] τοῖ[ς φ]εύγου[σ]ιν. ἐν δὲ τοῖς [. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ατο[. . . ] ἐξεῖλε τῷ διαψη- [φισμῷ. . . . . . . . . . . ]ῳ. δι[αιρ]εῖται [ἡ ἡμ]έ[ρ]α ἐπὶ τοῖς [. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ἀγώ]νω[ν ὅ]σοις πρόσεστι δεσμ[ὸς ἢ θάνατος ἢ φυγὴ ἢ ἀτ]ιμία ἢ δήμευσις χρημάτ[ων. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]μοις [ὅ] τι χρὴ ἢ ἀποτεῖ[σαι].
... in all cases where imprisonment, death, exile, loss of civil rights, or confiscation of property is involved, or what they must pay as a fine.

Notes

  1. 15ἐν οἷς ἐπιγέγραπται — Although the relative pronoun `ἐν οἷς` is neuter plural, its logical antecedent is `κύβοι χαλκοῖ` (masculine plural) or the combined phrase `κληρωτήρια καὶ κύβοι`. Contextually, the inscriptions are on the dice (`κύβοι`).
  2. 15ἣ δ’ ἂν πρώτη λάχῃ τῶν ἀρχῶν — The relative pronoun `ἣ` (feminine singular) refers to one of the offices drawn from the partitive genitive `τῶν ἀρχῶν` (feminine plural). The entire phrase `ἣ ἂν πρώτη λάχῃ` forms a conditional relative clause (noun clause) acting as the subject of the main verb `ἀναγορεύεται`.
  3. 15πρὸς ὃ δεῖ λέγειν τὰς δίκας — The relative pronoun `ὃ` (neuter singular) in the prepositional phrase `πρὸς ὃ` refers to the preceding `τὸ ὕδωρ` (water). The phrase expresses conformity or a standard ('according to which [water] the cases must be pleaded').
  4. 34πρὸς διαμεμετρημένην τὴν ἡμέραν — An idiomatic expression meaning 'by the measured day' or 'according to the distributed day'. It refers to a trial format in which the entire daylight hours of a single day are strictly partitioned among the prosecution, the defense, and the voting procedure.

Cite this passage

Aristotle, Constitution of the Athenians §66-67. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0086.tlg003.humanitext-grc1:66-67

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