§1.2.27#1Ἐνθύμημα δὲ ἐστὶ συλλογισμὸς ἐξ εἰκότων ἢ σημείων, εἰκὸς δὲ καὶ σημεῖον οὐ ταὐτόν ἐστιν, ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν εἰκός ἐστι πρότασις ἔνδοξος·
An enthymeme is a syllogism from probabilities or signs. But a probability and a sign are not the same; rather, a probability is a reputable premise.
ὃ γὰρ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ ἴσασιν οὕτω γινόμενον ἢ μὴ γινόμενον ἢ ὂν ἢ μὴ ὄν, τοῦτʼ ἐστὶν εἰκός, οἷον τὸ μισεῖν τοὺς φθονοῦντας ἢ τὸ φιλεῖν τοὺς ἐρωμένους.
For that which people know to happen or not to happen, or to be or not to be, for the most part, this is a probability, as for instance, hating those who envy, or loving those who are loved.
σημεῖον δὲ βούλεται εἶναι πρότασις ἀποδεικτικὴ ἢ ἀναγκαία ἢ ἔνδοξος· οὗ γὰρ ὄντος ἔστιν ἢ οὗ γενομένου πρότερον ἢ ὕστερον γέγονε τὸ πρᾶγμα, τοῦτο σημεῖόν ἐστι τοῦ γεγονέναι ἢ εἶναι.
On the other hand, a sign claims to be a demonstrative premise, either necessary or reputable; for that which, when it exists, the thing exists, or when it has happened before or after, the thing has happened, this is a sign of the thing having happened or being.
λαμβάνεται δὲ τὸ σημεῖον τριχῶς, ὁσαχῶς καὶ τὸ μέσον ἐν τοῖς σχήμασιν· ἢ γὰρ ὡς ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ ἢ ὡς ἐν τῷ μέσῳ ἢ ὡς ἐν τῷ τρίτῳ, οἷον τὸ μὲν δεῖξαι κύουσαν διὰ τὸ γάλα ἔχειν ἐκ τοῦ πρώτου σχήματος· μέσον γὰρ τὸ γάλα ἔχειν.
And a sign is taken in three ways, in as many ways as there is also the middle term in the figures; for it is either as in the first figure, or as in the middle, or as in the third. For example, to show that a woman is pregnant because she has milk is from the first figure; for having milk is the middle term.
ἐφʼ ᾦ τὸ Α κύειν, τὸ Β γάλα ἔχειν, γυνὴ ἐφʼ ᾧ Γ. τὸ δʼ ὅτι οἱ σοφοὶ σπουδαῖοι, Πιττακὸς γὰρ σπουδαῖος, διὰ τοῦ ἐσχάτου.
Let A be "being pregnant", B "having milk", and Γ "woman". On the other hand, "wise men are good, for Pittacus is good" is through the last figure.
ἐφʼ ᾧ Α τὸ σπουδαῖον, ἐφʼ ᾧ Β οἱ σοφοί, ἐφʼ Γ Πιττακός.
Let A be "good", B "wise men", and Γ "Pittacus".
ἀληθὲς δὴ καὶ τὸ Α καὶ τὸ Β τοῦ Γ κατηγορῆσαι· πλὴν τὸ μὲν οὐ λέγουσι διὰ τὸ εἰδέναι, τὸ δὲ λαμβάνουσιν.
It is true, then, to predicate both A and B of Γ; except that they do not state the one because it is known, but they assume the other.
τὸ δὲ κύειν, ὅτι ὠχρά, διὰ τοῦ μέσου σχήματος βούλεται εἶναι· ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἕπεται ταῖς κυούσαις τὸ ὠχρόν, ἀκολουθεῖ δὲ καὶ ταύτῃ, δεδεῖχθαι οἴονται ὅτι κύει.
And "being pregnant because she is pale" claims to be through the middle figure; for since paleness follows pregnant women, and it also accompanies this woman, they think it has been shown that she is pregnant.
τὸ ὠχρὸν ἐφʼ οὗ τὸ Α, τὸ κύειν ἐφʼ οὗ Β, γυνὴ ἐφʼ οὗ Γ.
Ἐὰν μὲν οὖν ἡ μία λεχθῇ πρότασις, σημεῖον γίνεx ται μόνον, ἐὰν δὲ καὶ ἡ ἑτέρα προσληφθῇ, συλλογισμός, οἷον ὅτι Πιττακὸς ἐλευθέριος· οἱ γὰρ φιλότιμοι ἐλευθέριοι, Πιττακὸς δὲ φιλότιμος. ἢ πάλιν ὅτι οἱ σοφοὶ ἀγαθοί Πιττακὸς γὰρ ἀγαθός, ἀλλὰ καὶ σοφός. οὕτω μὲν οὖν γίνονται συλλογισμοί, πλὴν ὁ μὲν διὰ τοῦ πρώτου σχήματος ἄλυτος, ἂν ἀληθὴς ᾖ (καθόλου γάρ ἐστιν), ὁ δὲ διὰ τοῦ ἐσχάτου λύσιμος, κἂν ἀληθὲς ᾖ τὸ συμπέρασμα, διὰ τὂ μὴ εἶναι καθόλου μηδὲ πρὸς τὸ πρᾶγμα τὸν συλλογισμόν· οὐ γὰρ εἰ Πιττακὸς σπουδαῖος, διὰ τοῦτο καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἀνάγκη σοφούς.
Let A be "pale", B "being pregnant", and Γ "woman". If, then, only one premise is stated, it becomes merely a sign, but if the other is also assumed, it becomes a syllogism, as for instance, "Pittacus is liberal; for those who love honor are liberal, and Pittacus loves honor." Or again, "wise men are good; for Pittacus is good, but also wise." In this way, then, syllogisms are formed, except that the one through the first figure is irrefutable if it is true (for it is universal), whereas the one through the last figure is refutable, even if the conclusion is true, because the syllogism is not universal nor directed to the thing; for it is not the case that if Pittacus is good, for this reason the others must also be wise.
ὁ δὲ διὰ τοῦ μέσου σχήματος ἀεὶ καὶ πάντως λύσιμος· οὐδέποτε γὰρ γίνεται συλλογισμός οὕτως ἐχόντων τῶν ὅρων· οὐ γὰρ εἰ ἡ κύουσα ὠχρά, ὠχρὰ δὲ καὶ ἥδε, κύειν ἀνάγκη ταύτην.
And the one through the middle figure is always and in every case refutable; for a syllogism never arises when the terms are so related; for it is not the case that if a pregnant woman is pale, and this woman is also pale, she must be pregnant.
ἀληθὲς μὲν οὖν ἐν ἅπασιν ὑπάρξει τοῖς σημείοις, διαφορὰς δʼ ἔχουσι τὰς εἰρημένας.
Thus, being true will belong to all signs, but they have the differences that have been mentioned.