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Dionysius of Halicarnassus · Roman Antiquities §6.22.1-6.22.3

Civil Strife over Debt and Resignation of the Dictator

Passage 428 of 962 · Greek

Summary

Following the end of external wars, the conflict between plebeians and creditors over debt problems intensifies, leading to social disorder. The dictator Postumius, while still holding public respect, resigns from his office and restores the traditional magistracies.

§6.22.1Ῥωμαίοις δὲ καταλυσαμένοις τοὺς ὑπαίθρους πολέμους ἡ πολιτικὴ στάσις αὖθις ἐπανίστατο τῆς μὲν βουλῆς ψηφισαμένης καθίζειν τὰ δικαστήρια καὶ τὰς ἀμφισβητήσεις, ἃς διὰ τὸν πόλεμον ἀνεβάλλοντο, κρίνεσθαι κατὰ τοὺς νόμους· τῶν δὲ περὶ τὰς συναλλαγὰς ἀμφισβητημάτων εἰς μεγάλους κλύδωνας καὶ δεινὰς προβεβηκότων ἀτοπίας τε καὶ·
When the Romans had brought their wars in the field to an end, civil dissension rose up once more. For while the senate had voted to set up the courts of justice and that the disputes, which they had postponed on account of the war, should be judged according to the laws, the controversies concerning contracts had advanced to great tempests and to dreadful absurdities and shamelessness.
ἀναισχυντίας, τῶν μὲν δημοτικῶν ἀδυνάτως ἔχειν σκηπτομένων διαλύειν τὰ χρέα, χώρας τʼ αὐτοῖς κεκομμένης ἐν τῷ πολυετεῖ πολέμῳ καὶ βοσκημάτων διεφθαρμένων καὶ ἀνδραπόδων αὐτομολίαις καὶ καταδρομαῖς σπανισθέντων τῆς τε κατὰ πόλιν κτήσεως ἐξανηλωμένης ταῖς εἰς τὴν στρατείαν δαπάναις·
On the one hand, the plebeians pleaded that they were unable to discharge their debts, since their land had been ravaged in the long-continued war, their cattle destroyed, their slaves diminished by desertions and raids, and their property in the city exhausted by the expenses of military service.
τῶν δὲ δανειστῶν ταύτας μὲν τὰς συμφορὰς ὁμοίας ἅπασι γεγονέναι λεγόντων καὶ οὐ μόνοις τοῖς χρεωφειλέταις, οὐκ ἀνεκτὸν δʼ ἡγουμένων σφίσι μὴ μόνον, ἃ διὰ τὸν πόλεμον ἀφῃρέθησαν ὑπὸ τῶν ἐχθρῶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἃ δεομένοις τισὶ τῶν πολιτῶν ἐν εἰρήνῃ συνήλλαξαν, ἀπολωλέναι.
On the other hand, the creditors asserted that these disasters had been common to all and not to the debtors alone, and they thought it intolerable that not only what they had been deprived of by the enemy on account of the war, but also what they had lent in time of peace to some of the citizens who were in need, should be lost to them.
§6.22.2ἀξιούντων δʼ οὔτε τῶν δανειστῶν οὐδὲν μέτριον ὑπομένειν οὔτε τῶν χρεωφειλετῶν ποιεῖν οὐδὲν δίκαιον, ἀλλὰ τῶν μὲν οὐδὲ τοὺς τόκους ἀφιέναι, τῶν δὲ μηδὲ αὐτὰ τὰ συναλλάγματα διαλύειν· ἐξ ὧν σύνοδοι μὲν ἤδη κατὰ συστροφὰς τῶν ἐν ταῖς ὁμοίαις ὄντων τύχαις ἐγένοντο καὶ ἀντιπαρατάξεις κατὰ τὴν ἀγοράν, ἔστι δʼ ὅτε καὶ χειρῶν ἁψιμαχίαι, καὶ συνετετάρακτο πᾶς ὁ πολιτικὸς §6.22.3κόσμος·
Since neither the creditors would submit to any moderate terms nor the debtors perform any just obligation, but the former would not even remit the interest, while the latter would not even pay the principal of their contracts, from this there arose already assemblies by crowds of those who were in similar fortunes, and confrontations in the forum, and sometimes even hand-to-hand skirmishes, and the whole civil order was thrown into confusion.
ταῦθʼ ὁρῶν ὁ Ποστόμιος, ἕως ἔτι τὸ τιμώμενον εἶχε παρὰ πάντων ὅμοιον πολέμῳ βαρεῖ καλὸν ὑπεκδῦναι τοὺς πολιτικοὺς χειμῶνας ἔγνω· καὶ πρὶν ἐκπληρῶσαι τὸν ἔσχατον τῆς αὐτοκράτορος ἀρχῆς χρόνον, τήν τε δικτατορίαν ἐξωμόσατο καὶ προθεὶς ἀρχαιρεσιῶν ἡμέραν μετὰ τοῦ συνυπάτου τὰς πατρίους κατέστησεν ἀρχάς.
Postumius, seeing this, while he still enjoyed the same respect from all, decided that it was good, just as in a heavy war, to withdraw secretly from the civil storms; and before completing the last period of his absolute power, he resigned the dictatorship, and having appointed a day for the elections, he, together with his colleague in the consulship, restored the ancestral magistracies.

Notes

  1. §6.22.1Ῥωμαίοις δὲ καταλυσαμένοις τοὺς ὑπαίθρους πολέμους — Although Ῥωμαίοις ... καταλυσαμένοις can be interpreted as a dative absolute, it is more naturally taken as a dative of reference with the main verb ἐπανίστατο ('for the Romans, when they had ended...').
  2. §6.22.3ὅμοιον πολέμῳ βαρεῖ καλὸν ὑπεκδῦναι τοὺς πολιτικοὺς χειμῶνας — The word ὅμοιον is used adverbially, meaning 'just like in a heavy war'. καλόν functions as a predicate adjective with the infinitive ὑπεκδῦναι, forming the structure 'he decided (ἔγνω) that it was good (honorable) to withdraw secretly from...'..
  3. §6.22.3μετὰ τοῦ συνυπάτου — This refers to the colleague (συνύπατος) in the consulship which Postumius held before being appointed dictator. Although the dictatorship is a sole magistracy, this indicates that upon resigning, he restored the regular consular system along with his former colleague.

Cite this passage

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities §6.22.1-6.22.3. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:6.22.1-6.22.3

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