Humanitext Reader

Dionysius of Halicarnassus · Roman Antiquities §4.13.1-4.13.5

Tullius' Land Distribution and Expansion of Rome

Passage 257 of 962 · Greek

Summary

King Servius Tullius distributed land to the poor, ratified laws, and expanded the city by adding the Viminal and Esquiline hills. The author describes how Rome's lack of walls in suburban areas made its size seem limitless, while its walled perimeter was comparable to that of Athens.

§4.13.1εὐθὺς ἅμα τῷ παραλαβεῖν τὴν ἀρχὴν διένειμε τὴν δημοσίαν χώραν τοῖς θητεύουσι Ῥωμαίων· ἔπειτα τοὺς νόμους τούς τε συναλλακτικοὺς καὶ τοὺς περὶ τῶν ἀδικημάτων ἐπεκύρωσε ταῖς φράτραις· ἦσαν δὲ πεντήκοντά που μάλιστα τὸν ἀριθμόν, ὧν οὐδὲν δέομαι μεμνῆσθαι κατὰ τὸ παρόν.
Immediately upon taking over the power, he distributed the public land to those among the Romans who worked for hire; then he had the laws concerning contracts and those concerning crimes ratified by the curiae; these were about fifty in number, which I have no need to mention at present.
§4.13.2τῇ τε πόλει προσέθηκε δύο λόφους, τόν τε Οὐιμινάλιον καλούμενον καὶ τὸ Ἰσκυλῖνον, ὧν ἑκάτερος ἀξιολόγου πόλεως ἔχει μέγεθος, καὶ διένειμεν αὐτοὺς τοῖς ἀνεστίοις Ῥωμαίων οἰκίας κατασκευάσασθαι· ἔνθα καὶ αὐτὸς ἐποιήσατο τὴν οἴκησιν ἐν τῷ κρατίστῳ τῆς Ἰσκυλίας τόπῳ.
He also added two hills to the city, the one called Viminal and the Esquiline, each of which has the size of a noteworthy city, and distributed them to the homeless Romans to build houses; there he himself also made his dwelling in the best part of the Esquiline.
§4.13.3οὗτος ὁ βασιλεὺς τελευταῖος ηὔξησε τὸν περίβολον τῆς πόλεως τοὺς δύο τοῖς πέντε προσθεὶς λόφοις, ὀρνιθευσάμενός τε ὡς νόμος ἦν καὶ τἆλλα τὰ πρὸς θεοὺς ὅσια διαπραξάμενος.
This king was the last to enlarge the circuit of the city by adding the two hills to the five, after having taken the auspices as was the custom and performed the other sacred duties to the gods.
προσωτέρω δʼ οὐκέτι προῆλθεν ἡ κατασκευὴ τῆς πόλεως οὐκ ἐῶντος, ὥς φασι, τοῦ δαιμονίου, ἀλλʼ ἔστιν ἅπαντα τὰ περὶ τὴν πόλιν οἰκούμενα χωρία, πολλὰ ὄντα καὶ μεγάλα, γυμνὰ καὶ ἀτείχιστα §4.13.4καὶ ῥᾷστα πολεμίοις ἐλθοῦσιν ὑποχείρια γενέσθαι·
But the building of the city did not proceed any further, the divine power, as they say, not permitting it; but all the inhabited quarters around the city, which are many and large, lie unprotected and unfortified, and very easily fall into the hands of any enemies who might come.
καὶ εἰ μὲν εἰς ταῦτά τις ὁρῶν τὸ μέγεθος ἐξετάζειν βουλήσεται τῆς Ῥώμης, πλανᾶσθαί τʼ ἀναγκασθήσεται καὶ οὐχ ἕξει βέβαιον σημεῖον οὐδέν, ᾧ διαγνώσεται, μέχρι ποῦ προβαίνουσα ἔτι πόλις ἐστὶ καὶ πόθεν ἄρχεται μηκέτʼ εἶναι πόλις, οὕτω συνύφανται τὸ ἄστυ τῇ χώρᾳ καὶ εἰς ἄπειρον ἐκμηκυνομένης πόλεως ὑπόληψιν τοῖς θεωμένοις παρέχεται.
And if anyone, looking at these, wishes to examine the size of Rome, he will be forced to wander in error and will have no reliable sign by which to distinguish how far it is still the city and where it ceases to be the city, so closely is the town interwoven with the countryside, and it presents to the viewers the conception of a city extending to infinity.
§4.13.5εἰ δὲ τῷ τείχει δυσευρέτῳ μὲν ὄντι διὰ τὰς περιλαμβανούσας αὐτὸ πολλαχόθεν οἰκήσεις, ἴχνη δέ τινα φυλάττοντι κατὰ πολλοὺς τόπους τῆς ἀρχαίας κατασκευῆς, βουληθείη μετρεῖν αὐτὴν κατὰ τὸν κύκλον τὸν περιέχοντα Ἀθηναίων τὸ ἄστυ, οὐ πολλῷ τινι μείζων ὁ τῆς Ῥώμης ἂν αὐτῷ φανείη κύκλος.
But if one should wish to measure it by the wall, which is difficult to trace because of the buildings surrounding it on many sides, but still preserves in many places some traces of the ancient structure, and compare its circuit with that which surrounds the city of Athens, the circuit of Rome would not appear to him much larger.
ἀλλʼ ὑπὲρ μὲν τοῦ μεγέθους τε καὶ κάλλους τῆς πόλεως, ὡς κατὰ τὴν ἐμὴν εἶχεν ἡλικίαν, ἕτερος ἔσται τῇ διηγήσει καιρὸς ἐπιτηδειότερος.
However, concerning the size and beauty of the city as it was in my time, there will be another, more suitable occasion in my narrative.

Notes

  1. 4.13.1τοῖς θητεύουσι — The participle θητεύουσι ("those who work for hire") refers to the poorest class of free citizens (proletarians or thetes) who possessed no land and earned their living through manual labor.
  2. 4.13.4γενέσθαι — An infinitive of result or limitation depending on the preceding adjectives γυμνὰ καὶ ἀτείχιστα, indicating either "so as to become" or "easy to fall into the hands of."
  3. 4.13.5βουληθείη — An optative in the protasis of a conditional sentence, which, together with ἂν ... φανείη in the apodosis, expresses a potential condition (future less vivid).

Cite this passage

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities §4.13.1-4.13.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:4.13.1-4.13.5

Please note the AI-draft status of the translation and the date accessed.

Translation, notes and summary are AI-generated drafts, revised through reader feedback.