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Dionysius of Halicarnassus · Roman Antiquities §2.75.1-2.75.4

Numa's Deification and Worship of Good Faith

Passage 166 of 962 · Greek

Summary

To establish justice in contracts, Numa deified and introduced the worship of "Faith" (Pistis/Fides) as a state institution. Consequently, the preservation of faith became deeply rooted in Roman public and private life, maintaining order throughout the city.

§2.75.1ὁ δὲ Νόμας εἰς μὲν εὐτέλειαν καὶ σωφροσύνην διὰ τοιούτων συνέστειλε νόμων τὴν πόλιν, εἰς δὲ τὴν περὶ τὰ συμβόλαια δικαιοσύνην ὑκηγάγετο πρᾶγμα ἐξευρὼν ἠγνοημένον ὑπὸ πάντων τῶν καταστησαμένων τὰς ἐλλογίμους πολιτείας.
And Numa, on the one hand, constrained the city to economy and temperance through such laws, and on the other hand, led it to the justice concerning contracts, having invented a practice unrecognized by all those who had established celebrated constitutions.
ὁρῶν γὰρ ὅτι τῶν συμβολαίων τὰ μὲν ἐν φανερῷ καὶ μετὰ μαρτύρων πραττόμενα ἡ τῶν συνόντων αἰδὼς φυλάττει, καὶ σπάνιοί τινές εἰσιν οἱ περὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἀδικοῦντες, τὰ δὲ ἀμάρτυρα πολλῷ πλείω τῶν ἑτέρων ὄντα μίαν ἔχει φυλακὴν τὴν τῶν συμβαλόντων πίστιν, περὶ ταύτην ᾤετο δεῖν σπουδάσαι παντὸς ἄλλου μάλιστα καὶ ποιῆσαι θείων σεβασμῶν ἀξίαν.
For seeing that, of contracts, those made in public and with witnesses are preserved by the shame felt before those present, and those who commit injustice in such matters are very few, whereas those without witnesses, being far more numerous than the others, have only one safeguard, namely the faith of the contracting parties, he thought he ought to attend to this most of all, and to make it worthy of divine worship.
§2.75.2δίκην μὲν γὰρ καὶ Θέμιν καὶ Νέμεσιν καὶ τὰς καλουμένας παρʼ Ἕλλησιν Ἐρινύας καὶ ὅσα τούτοις ὅμοια ὑπὸ τῶν πρότερον ἀποχρώντως ἐκτεθειῶσθαί τε καὶ καθωσιῶσθαι ἐνόμισε, Πίστιν δέ, ἧς οὔτε μεῖζον οὔτε ἱερώτερον πάθος ἐν ἀνθρώποις οὐδέν, οὔπω σεβασμῶν τυγχάνειν οὔτʼ ἐν τοῖς κοινοῖς τῶν πόλεων πράγμασιν οὔτʼ ἐν τοῖς ἰδίοις.
For he believed that Justice, Divine Law, Retribution, and those called Erinyes among the Greeks, and all things similar to these, had been sufficiently deified and consecrated by earlier generations; but that Faith, than which there is no greater or more sacred feeling among men, did not yet receive worship either in the public affairs of cities or in private ones.
§2.75.3ταῦτα δὴ διανοηθεὶς πρῶτος ἀνθρώπων ἱερὸν ἱδρύσατο Πίστεως δημοσίας καὶ θυσίας αὐτῇ κατεστήσατο, καθάπερ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις θεοῖς, δημοτελεῖς.
Having indeed conceived these things, he was the first of men to found a temple of Public Faith, and established sacrifices to her at public expense, just as to the other gods.
ἔμελλε δὲ ἄρα σὺν χρόνῳ τὸ κοινὸν τῆς πόλεως ἦθος πιστὸν καὶ βέβαιον πρὸς ἀνθρώπους γενόμενον τοιούτους ἀπεργάσασθαι καὶ τοὺς τῶν ἰδιωτῶν τρόπους.
And as it turned out, in time the common character of the city, becoming faithful and secure towards men, was bound to make the characters of private citizens also of like nature.
οὕτω γοῦν σεβαστόν τι πρᾶγμα καὶ ἀμίαντον ἐνομίσθη τὸ πιστόν, ὥστε ὅρκον τε μέγιστον γενέσθαι τὴν ἰδίαν ἑκάστῳ πίστιν καὶ μαρτυρίας συμπάσης ἰσχυροτάτην, καὶ ὁπότε ὑπὲρ ἀμαρτύρου συναλλάγματος ἀμφίλογόν τι γένοιτο ἑνὶ πρὸς ἕνα, ἡ διαιροῦσα τὸ νεῖκος καὶ προσωτέρω χωρεῖν οὐκ ἐῶσα τὰς φιλονεικίας ἡ θατέρου τῶν διαδικαζομένων αὐτῶν πίστις ἦν, αἵ τε ἀρχαὶ καὶ τὰ δικαστήρια τὰ πλεῖστα τῶν ἀμφισβητημάτων τοῖς ἐκ τῆς πίστεως ὅρκοις διῄτων.
At any rate, keeping faith was considered so sacred and undefiled a thing that each individual's own faith became the greatest oath and the strongest of all testimony, and whenever a dispute arose between one person and another concerning a contract without witnesses, that which decided the quarrel and did not allow the contentions to proceed further was the faith of one of the litigants themselves, and the magistrates and courts settled most disputes by oaths arising from faith.
§2.75.4τοιαῦτα μὲν δὴ σωφροσύνης τε παρακλητικὰ καὶ δικαιοσύνης ἀναγκαστήρια ὑπὸ τοῦ Νόμα τότε ἐξευρεθέντα κοσμιωτέραν οἰκίας τῆς κράτιστα οἰκουμένης τὴν Ῥωμαίων πόλιν ἀπειργάσατο.
Such means, inciting to temperance and compelling to justice, which were then invented by Numa, rendered the city of the Romans more orderly than the best-managed household.

Notes

  1. 2.75.1ὑπηγάγετο — Following `συνέστειλε ... τὴν πόλιν` in the preceding clause, the object of `ὑπηγάγετο` ("led / brought under") is understood to be "the city" (`τὴν πόλιν`).
  2. 2.75.2ἧς οὔτε μεῖζον οὔτε ἱερώτερον πάθος ἐν ἀνθρώποις οὐδέν — A relative clause modifying the antecedent `Πίστιν` (Faith). The relative pronoun `ἧς` is in the genitive case, functioning as a genitive of comparison with the comparative adjectives `μεῖζον` and `ἱερώτερον`.
  3. 2.75.3ἔμελλε δὲ ἄρα σὺν χρόνῳ τὸ κοινὸν τῆς πόλεως ἦθος πιστὸν καὶ βέβαιον πρὸς ἀνθρώπους γενόμενον τοιούτους ἀπεργάσασθαι καὶ τοὺς τῶν ἰδιωτῶν τρόπους — The main verb is `ἔμελλε` taking the infinitive `ἀπεργάσασθαι` ("to render/make"), expressing a destined outcome. The logical subject of the infinitive is `τὸ κοινὸν τῆς πόλεως ἦθος` ("the common character of the city"), while its object is `τοὺς τῶν ἰδιωτῶν τρόπους` ("the characters of private citizens") and the object complement is `τοιούτους` ("of like nature"). The participle `γενόμενον` agrees with the subject, meaning "having become faithful and secure (towards men)."
  4. 400ἡ διαιροῦσα τὸ νεῖκος ... ἡ θατέρου τῶν διαδικαζομένων αὐτῶν πίστις ἦν — The subject is `ἡ θατέρου τῶν διαδικαζομένων αὐτῶν πίστις` ("the faith of one of the litigants themselves") placed at the end, and the predicate is the phrase with participles `ἡ διαιροῦσα τὸ νεῖκος καὶ προσωτέρω χωρεῖν οὐκ ἐῶσα τὰς φιλονεικίας` ("that which decided the quarrel and did not allow the contentions to proceed further") linked by `ἦν`. This structure functions similarly to a cleft sentence, emphasizing the subject.

Cite this passage

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities §2.75.1-2.75.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:2.75.1-2.75.4

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