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Dionysius of Halicarnassus · Roman Antiquities §2.73.1-2.73.4

Authority and Appointment of the Pontifices

Passage 164 of 962 · Greek

Summary

As the final part of Numa's religious institutions, the extensive authority and duties of the pontifices, the highest priesthood in Rome, and their cooptation and inauguration procedures are described.

§2.73.1τελευταῖος δʼ ἦν τῆς Νόμα διατάξεως μερισμὸς ὑπὲρ τῶν ἱερῶν, ὧν ἔλαχον οἱ τὴν μεγίστην παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις ἱερατείαν καὶ ἐξουσίαν ἔχοντες.
And the last division of Numa's regulation concerned the sacred matters, which those who hold the greatest priesthood and authority among the Romans obtained.
οὗτοι κατὰ μὲν τὴν ἑαυτῶν διάλεκτον ἐφʼ ἑνὸς τῶν ἔργων ὃ πράττουσιν ἐπισκευάζοντες τὴν ξυλίνην γέφυραν ποντίφικες προσαγορεύονται, εἰσὶ δὲ τῶν μεγίστων §2.73.2πραγμάτων κύριοι.
These are called, in their own tongue, "pontifices" from one of the works they perform, namely, repairing the wooden bridge, and they have control over the greatest matters.
καὶ γὰρ δικάζουσιν οὗτοι τὰς ἱερὰς δίκας ἁπάσας ἰδιώταις τε καὶ ἄρχουσι καὶ λειτουργοῖς θεῶν καὶ νομοθετοῦσιν ὅσα τῶν ἱερῶν ἄγραφα ὄντα καὶ ἀνέθιστα κρίνοντες ἃ ἂν ἐπιτήδεια τυγχάνειν αὐτοῖς φανείη νόμων τε καὶ ἐθισμῶν· τάς τε ἀρχὰς ἁπάσας, ὅσαις θυσία τις ἢ θεραπεία θεῶν ἀνάκειται, καὶ τοὺς ἱερεῖς ἅπαντας ἐξετάζουσιν, ὑπηρέτας τε αὐτῶν καὶ λειτουργούς, οἷς χρῶνται πρὸς τὰ ἱερά, οὗτοι φυλάττουσι μηδὲν ἐξαμαρτάνειν περὶ τοὺς ἱεροὺς νόμους· τοῖς τε ἰδιώταις ὁπόσοι μὴ ἴσασι τοὺς περὶ τὰ θεῖα ἢ δαιμόνια σεβασμούς, ἐξηγηταὶ γίνονται καὶ προφῆται· καὶ εἴ τινας αἴσθοιντο μὴ πειθομένους ταῖς ἐπιταγαῖς αὐτῶν, ζημιοῦσι πρὸς ἕκαστον χρῆμα ὁρῶντες, εἰσί τε ἀνυπεύθυνοι πάσης δίκης τε καὶ ζημίας οὔτε βουλῇ λόγον ἀποδιδόντες οὔτε δήμῳ, περὶ γοῦν τῶν ἱερῶν· §2.73.3ὥστε εἰ βούλεταί τις αὐτοὺς ἱεροδιδασκάλους καλεῖν εἴτε ἱερονόμους εἴτε ἱεροφύλακας εἴτε, ὡς ἡμεῖς ἀξιοῦμεν, ἱεροφάντας, οὐχ ἁμαρτήσεται τοῦ ἀληθοῦς.
For indeed, they judge all sacred cases for private citizens, magistrates, and ministers of the gods, and they legislate for all such sacred matters as are unwritten and uncustomary, judging what laws and customs would appear to be suitable for them; and they examine all offices to which any sacrifice or service to the gods is assigned, as well as all priests, and they watch over their assistants and ministers whom they employ for sacred rites, so that they commit no offense against the sacred laws; and for those private individuals who do not know the cults concerning divine or supernatural beings, they become interpreters and spokesmen; and if they perceive any who do not obey their commands, they punish them, having regard to each case; and they are exempt from all judgment and punishment, rendering no account either to the senate or to the people, at least concerning sacred matters; so that if anyone wishes to call them "sacred teachers" or "sacred lawgivers" or "sacred guardians" or, as we claim, "hierophants," he will not err from the truth.
ἐκλιπόντος δέ τινος αὐτῶν τὸν βίον ἕτερος εἰς τὸν ἐκείνου καθίσταται τόπον οὐχ ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου αἱρεθείς, ἀλλʼ ὑπʼ αὐτῶν ἐκείνων, ὃς ἂν ἐπιτηδειότατος εἶναι δοκῇ τῶν πολιτῶν· παραλαμβάνει δὲ τὴν ἱερατείαν ὁ δοκιμασθείς, ἐὰν εὐόρνιθες αὐτῷ τύχωσιν οἰωνοὶ §2.73.4γενόμενοι.
And when one of them departs this life, another is established in his place, elected not by the people, but by themselves—whomever of the citizens appears to be most suitable; and the one who has been approved takes up the priesthood, if the auspices prove favorable to him.
τὰ μὲν δὴ περὶ τὸ θεῖον νομοθετηθέντα ὑπὸ τοῦ Νόμα καὶ διαιρεθέντα κατὰ τὰς συμμορίας τῶν ἱερῶν, ἐξ ὧν εὐσεβεστέραν συνέβη γενέσθαι τὴν πόλιν, πρὸς τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐλάττοσι τὰ μέγιστα καὶ φανερώτατα ταῦτʼ ἦν.
These, then, were the greatest and most conspicuous of the regulations concerning the divine legislated by Numa and divided according to the colleges of sacred offices, through which it happened that the city became more pious, in addition to the other smaller ones.

Notes

  1. 2.73.1ὧν ἔλαχον — A relative clause where the relative pronoun `ὧν` is in the genitive case because the verb `λαγχάνω` (to obtain, be allotted) governs the genitive. The antecedent is the neuter plural `τῶν ἱερῶν` (sacred matters).
  2. 2.73.2κρίνοντες ἃ ἂν ἐπιτήδεια τυγχάνειν αὐτοῖς φανείη νόμων τε καὶ ἐθισμῶν — `νόμων τε καὶ ἐθισμῶν` is a partitive genitive qualifying the relative pronoun `ἃ` ("which of the laws and customs"). The infinitive `τυγχάνειν` functions here in the sense of `εἶναι` (to be) and serves as the complementary infinitive with `φανείη` (optative of `φαίνομαι` with potential `ἄν`) meaning "would appear to be." `αὐτοῖς` is a dative referring to `τῶν ἱερῶν` (the sacred matters).
  3. 2.73.2οὗτοι φυλάττουσι μηδὲν ἐξαμαρτάνειν — The verb `φυλάττω` governs the infinitive with the negative `μή` (`μηδέν`) to express precaution or watching that something does not happen ("watch that they commit no offense"). The subject pronoun `οὗτοι` (the pontifices) is restated for clarity due to the distance from the preceding clauses.
  4. 2.73.3ἐκλιπόντος δέ τινος αὐτῶν τὸν βίον — A genitive absolute construction with the participle `ἐκλιπόντος`. `τὸν βίον` is the direct object of the transitive use of `ἐκλείπω` (to leave, end), forming an adverbial clause of time meaning "when one of them departs this life."
  5. 2.73.3ἐὰν εὐόρνιθες αὐτῷ τύχωσιν οἰωνοὶ γενόμενοι — A typical construction of the verb `τυγχάνω` with the participle `γενόμενοι`, meaning in a conditional clause "if they should indeed become." `οἰωνοί` (omens, birds) is the subject, and `εὐόρνιθες` (of good omen) functions as a predicate adjective (nominative complement).

Cite this passage

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities §2.73.1-2.73.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:2.73.1-2.73.4

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