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Dionysius of Halicarnassus · Roman Antiquities §2.30.1-2.30.6

Abduction and Marriage of the Sabine Women under Romulus

Passage 121 of 962 · Greek

Summary

In order to establish intermarriage with neighboring tribes, Romulus plans and executes the abduction of the maidens under the pretext of a festival to Neptune, and subsequently unites them in marriage with Rome's unmarried men.

§2.30.1αἱ δὲ ἄλλαι πράξεις αἵ τε κατὰ τοὺς πολέμους ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς γενόμεναι καὶ αἱ κατὰ τὴν πόλιν, ὧν ἄν τις καὶ λόγον ποιήσαιτʼ ἐν ἱστορίας γραφῇ, τοιαῦταί τινες παραδίδονται.
The other actions performed by the man, both in war and in the city, of which one might make mention in a history, are transmitted as being of the following kind.
§2.30.2πολλῶν περιοικούντων τὴν Ῥώμην ἐθνῶν μεγάλων τε καὶ τὰ πολέμια ἀλκίμων, ὧν οὐδὲν ἦν τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις φίλιον, οἰκειώσασθαι ταῦτα βουληθεὶς ἐπιγαμίαις, ὅσπερ ἐδόκει τοῖς παλαιοῖς τρόπος εἶναι βεβαιότατος τῶν συναπτόντων φιλίας, ἐνθυμούμενος δὲ ὅτι βουλόμεναι μὲν αἱ πόλεις οὐκ ἂν συνέλθοιεν αὐτοῖς ἄρτι τε συνοικιζομένοις καὶ οὔτε χρήμασι δυνατοῖς οὔτε λαμπρὸν ἔργον ἐπιδεδειγμένοις οὐδέν, βιασθεῖσαι δὲ εἴξουσιν εἰ μηδεμία γένοιτο περὶ τὴν ἀνάγκην ὕβρις, γνώμην ἔσχεν, ᾗ καὶ Νεμέτωρ ὁ πάππος αὐτοῦ προσέθετο, δι’ ἁρπαγῆς παρθένων ἀθρόας γενομένης ποιήσασθαι τὰς ἐπιγαμίας.
Since many great and warlike nations dwelt around Rome, none of which was friendly to the Romans, he wished to win them over through intermarriage, which seemed to the ancients to be the most secure way of cementing friendships. But reflecting that the cities would not willingly unite with them, since they were only recently settled and were neither powerful in wealth nor had shown any brilliant deed, but that if they were forced they would yield, provided no outrage accompanied the compulsion, he formed the plan, to which his grandfather Numitor also agreed, to effect the intermarriages by a general abduction of maidens.
§2.30.3γνοὺς δὲ ταῦτα θεῷ μὲν εὐχὰς τίθεται πρῶτον ἀπορρήτων βουλευμάτων ἡγεμόνι, ἐὰν ἡ πεῖρα αὐτῷ χωρήσῃ κατὰ νοῦν θυσίας καὶ ἑορτὰς ἄξειν καθʼ ἕκαστον ἐνιαυτόν·
Having resolved on this, he first made vows to the god who is the leader of secret counsels, that if the attempt should succeed according to his mind, he would celebrate sacrifices and festivals every year.
ἔπειτα τῷ συνεδρίῳ τῆς γερουσίας ἀνενέγκας τὸν λόγον, ἐπειδὴ κἀκείνοις τὸ βούλευμα ἤρεσκεν, ἑορτὴν προεῖπε καὶ πανήγυριν ἄξειν Ποσειδῶνι καὶ περιήγγελλεν εἰς τὰς ἔγγιστα πόλεις καλῶν τοὺς βουλομένους ἀγορᾶς τε μεταλαμβάνειν καὶ ἀγώνων· καὶ γὰρ ἀγῶνας ἄξειν ἔμελλεν ἵππων τε καὶ ἀνδρῶν παντοδαπούς.
Then, having laid the matter before the senate, since they too approved of the plan, he proclaimed a festival and general assembly to be held in honor of Neptune, and sent word to the nearest cities, inviting those who wished to take part in the market and the games; for he was going to hold games of all kinds, both of horses and of men.
§2.30.4συνελθόντων δὲ πολλῶν ξένων εἰς τὴν ἑορτὴν γυναιξὶν ἅμα καὶ τέκνοις, ἐπειδὴ τάς τε θυσίας ἐπετέλεσε τῷ Ποσειδῶνι καὶ τοὺς ἀγῶνας, τῇ τελευταίᾳ τῶν ἡμερῶν, ᾗ διαλύσειν ἔμελλε τὴν πανήγυριν, παράγγελμα δίδωσι τοῖς νέοις, ἡνίκʼ ἂν αὐτὸς ἄρῃ τὸ σημεῖον ἁρπάζειν τὰς παρούσας ἐπὶ τὴν θέαν παρθένους, αἷς ἂν ἐπιτύχωσιν ἕκαστοι, καὶ φυλάττειν ἁγνὰς ἐκείνην τὴν νύκτα, τῇ δʼ §2.30.5ἑξῆς ἡμέρᾳ πρὸς ἑαυτὸν ἄγειν.
When many strangers had assembled for the festival together with their wives and children, after he had performed the sacrifices to Neptune and the games, on the last of the days, on which he was going to dismiss the assembly, he gave an order to the young men that, as soon as he himself should raise the signal, they should seize the maidens who were present for the spectacle, whichever ones each might happen upon, and keep them chaste during that night, and on the following day bring them to him.
οἱ μὲν δὴ νέοι διαστάντες κατὰ συστροφάς, ἐπειδὴ τὸ σύνθημα ἀρθὲν εἶδον τρέπονται πρὸς τὴν τῶν παρθένων ἁρπαγήν, ταραχὴ δὲ τῶν ξένων εὐθὺς ἐγένετο καὶ φυγὴ μεῖζόν τι κακὸν ὑφορωμένων.
The young men indeed, dividing themselves into groups, as soon as they saw the signal raised, turned to the abduction of the maidens, and there was immediate confusion among the strangers and a flight, as they suspected some greater evil.
τῇ δʼ ἑξῆς ἡμέρᾳ προαχθεισῶν τῶν παρθένων, παραμυθησάμενος αὐτῶν τὴν ἀθυμίαν ὁ Ῥωμύλος, ὡς οὐκ ἐφʼ ὕβρει τῆς ἁρπαγῆς ἀλλʼ ἐπὶ γάμῳ γενομένης, Ἑλληνικόν τε καὶ ἀρχαῖον ἀποφαίνων τὸ ἔθος καὶ τρόπων συμπάντων καθʼ οὓς συνάπτονται γάμοι ταῖς γυναιξὶν ἐπιφανέστατον, ἠξίου στέργειν τοὺς δοθέντας αὐταῖς ἄνδρας ὑπὸ τῆς τύχης·
On the following day, when the maidens were brought before him, Romulus, comforting them in their dejection, declared that the abduction had been done not for insult but for marriage, showing that this custom was Greek and ancient, and the most illustrious of all the ways by which marriages are contracted with women; and he asked them to cherish the husbands given to them by fortune.
§2.30.6καὶ μετὰ τοῦτο διαριθμήσας τὰς κόρας ἑξακοσίας τε καὶ ὀγδοήκοντα καὶ τρεῖς εὑρεθείσας κατέλεξεν αὖθις ἐκ τῶν ἀγάμων ἄνδρας ἰσαρίθμους, οἷς αὐτὰς συνήρμοττε κατὰ τοὺς πατρίους ἑκάστης ἐθισμούς, ἐπὶ κοινωνίᾳ πυρὸς καὶ ὕδατος ἐγγυῶν τοὺς γάμους, ὡς καὶ μέχρι τῶν καθʼ ἡμᾶς ἐπιτελοῦνται χρόνων.
And after this, having counted the maidens, who were found to be six hundred and eighty-three, he chose from among the unmarried men an equal number, to whom he united them according to the ancestral customs of each maiden, securing the marriages on the basis of the sharing of fire and water, just as they are performed even down to our own times.

Notes

  1. 2.30.2τὰ πολέμια — Accusative of respect (or limitation) modifying the adjective `ἀλκίμων` ("brave"), meaning "in matters of war" or "in military power."
  2. 2.30.2βουλόμεναι — Within the clause introduced by `ὅτι`, the participles `βουλόμεναι` ("willingly") and `βιασθεῖσαι` ("forced") are used in contrast. The former modifies the potential optative `οὐκ ἂν συνέλθοιεν` ("would not unite"), while the latter modifies the future indicative `εἴξουσιν` ("will yield"). The dative pronoun `αὐτοῖς` ("to them") is modified by a long adjectival/participial phrase `ἄρτι τε συνοικιζομένοις...`, separating the elements.
  3. 2.30.5ὡς οὐκ ἐφʼ ὕβρει τῆς ἁρπαγῆς ἀλλʼ ἐπὶ γάμῳ γενομένης — Genitive absolute construction accompanied by `ὡς` which indicates a subjective reason or allegation. The grammatical subject of the participle `γενομένης` is `τῆς ἁρπαγῆς`, expressing the reason alleged by Romulus: "on the ground that the abduction had occurred not for insult but for marriage."

Cite this passage

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities §2.30.1-2.30.6. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:2.30.1-2.30.6

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