§2.28.1ὁρῶν γὰρ ὅτι τὸ σωφρόνως ζῆν ἅπαντας καὶ τὰ δίκαια πρὸ τῶν κερδαλέων αἱρεῖσθαι καρτερίαν τε τὴν παρὰ τοὺς πόνους ἀσκεῖν καὶ μηδὲν ὑπολαμβάνειν χρῆμα τιμιώτερον ἀρετῆς οὐ λόγων διδαχῇ παραγίνεσθαι τοῖς πολιτικοῖς πλήθεσι πέφυκεν, ἐν οἷς τὸ πλεῖόν ἐστι δυσάγωγον, ἀλλʼ ἔργων ἐθισμοῖς τῶν πρὸς ἑκάστην ἀρετὴν ἀγόντων, ὑπʼ ἀνάγκης τε μᾶλλον ἢ κατὰ γνώμην ἐπʼ αὐτὰ τοὺς πολλοὺς παραγινομένους, εἰ δὲ μηδὲν εἴη τὸ κωλῦσον ἐπὶ τὴν φύσιν ὀλισθαίνοντας εἰδώς, ἐπιδιφρίους μὲν καὶ βαναύσους καὶ προσαγωγοὺς ἐπιθυμιῶν αἰσχρῶν τέχνας, ὡς ἀφανιζούσας καὶ λυμαινομένας τά τε σώματα καὶ τὰς ψυχὰς τῶν μεταχειριζομένων, δούλοις καὶ ξένοις ἀπέδωκε μεθοδεύειν· καὶ διέμεινεν ἕως πολλοῦ πάνυ χρόνου διʼ αἰσχύνης ὄντα Ῥωμαίοις τὰ τοιαῦτα ἔργα καὶ ὑπʼ οὐδενὸς τῶν αὐθιγενῶν ἐπιτηδευόμενα.
For seeing that to live temperately, to choose justice before profit, to practice endurance in the face of hardships, and to consider nothing more precious than virtue do not naturally come to political multitudes (the greater part of whom are difficult to lead) through the teaching of words, but rather through the habituation of actions that lead to each virtue, and knowing that the majority come to these things under necessity rather than by choice, and that if there were nothing to prevent them they would slide back into their natural inclinations, he assigned sedentary, manual, and desire-inducing trades to slaves and foreigners to practice, as things that ruin and corrupt both the bodies and souls of those who engage in them; and such occupations remained for a very long time a matter of disgrace for the Romans, practiced by none of the native-born citizens.
§2.28.2δύο δὲ μόνα τοῖς ἐλευθέροις ἐπιτηδεύματα κατέλιπε τά τε κατὰ γεωργίαν καὶ τὰ κατὰ πολέμους, ὁρῶν ὅτι γαστρός τε ἄνθρωποι γίνονται διὰ τούτους τοὺς βίους ἐγκρατεῖς ἀφροδισίοις τε ἧττον ἁλίσκονται παρανόμοις πλεονεξίαν τε οὐ τὴν βλάπτουσαν ἀλλήλους διώκουσιν, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν πολεμίων περιποιουμένην τὰς ὠφελείας.
But he left only two occupations for free men, those concerning agriculture and those concerning war, seeing that through these modes of life men become temperate in respect to their appetite, are less captured by unlawful pleasures, and pursue not that greed which harms one another, but that which secures advantages from the enemy.
ἀτελῆ δὲ τούτων ἑκάτερον ἡγούμενος εἶναι τῶν βίων χωριζόμενον θατέρου καὶ φιλαίτιον οὐχ ἑτέροις μέν τισιν ἀπέδωκεν ἐργάζεσθαι τὴν γῆν, ἑτέροις δὲ τὰ πολεμίων φέρειν τε καὶ ἄγειν ὡς ὁ παρὰ Λακεδαιμονίοις εἶχε νόμος, ἀλλὰ τοὺς αὐτοὺς τόν τε πολεμικὸν καὶ τὸν γεωργικὸν ἔταξε βίον ζῆν· §2.28.3εἰ μὲν εἰρήνην ἄγοιεν ἐπὶ τοῖς κατʼ ἀγρὸν ἔργοις ἐθίζων ἅπαντας μένειν, πλὴν εἴ ποτε δεηθεῖεν ἀγορᾶς, τότε δʼ εἰς ἄστυ συνιόντας ἀγοράζειν, ἐνάτην ὁρίζων ἡμέραν ταῖς ἀγοραῖς· ὅτε δὲ πόλεμος καταλάβοι στρατεύεσθαι διδάσκων καὶ μὴ παραχωρεῖν ἑτέροις μήτε τῶν πόνων μήτε τῶν ὠφελειῶν.
Yet, considering each of these lives to be incomplete when separated from the other and liable to censure, he did not, as the law among the Lacedaemonians did, assign to some to till the land and to others to plunder the enemy, but ordered the same men to lead both the military and the agricultural life; so that, if they should enjoy peace, he accustomed them all to remain at their labors in the fields, except when they might have need of the market, on which occasions they were to meet in the city and trade, defining the ninth day for the markets; but when war came upon them, he taught them to go on campaigns and not to yield to others either the labors or the benefits.
διῄρει γὰρ αὐτοῖς ἐξ ἴσου γῆν τε ὅσην ἂν ἀφέλοιτο πολεμίους καὶ ἀνδράποδα καὶ χρήματα, καὶ παρεσκεύαζεν ἀγαπητῶς δέχεσθαι τὰς στρατείας.
For he distributed equally among them whatever land he took from the enemy, as well as slaves and money, and disposed them to accept campaigns gladly.