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Dionysius of Halicarnassus · Roman Antiquities §14.10.1-14.10.3

Roman Tactical Response to the Ferocious Assault of the Celts

Passage 902 of 962 · Greek

Summary

The passage depicts the battle where the wild and unskilled attacks of the Celts are countered by the well-trained Romans, who slip under the enemy's blows to strike vital areas.

§14.10.1ἡ μὲν οὖν τῶν βαρβάρων μάχη πολὺ τὸ θηριῶδες καὶ μανικὸν ἔχουσα πλημμελής τις ἦν καὶ σοφίας τῆς ἐν ὅπλοις ἄμοιρος.
Therefore, the battle method of the barbarians, having much of the brutish and frantic, was irregular and devoid of skill in weapons.
τοτὲ μὲν γὰρ ἀνατείνοντες ἄνω τὰς μαχαίρας τὸν ἄγριον τρόπον ἔπαιον ὅλοις συνεμπίπτοντες τοῖς ἑαυτῶν σώμασιν, ὥσπερ ὑλοτόμοι τινὲς ἢ σκαπανεῖς, τοτὲ δʼ ἐκ τῶν πλαγίων ἀστοχάστους πληγὰς ἐξέφερον, ὡς αὐτοῖς σκεπαστηρίοις ὅλα διακόψοντες τὰ σώματα τῶν ἀντιπολέμων·
For at one time, raising their swords aloft in a savage manner, they struck, falling on with their whole bodies, like woodcutters or diggers, and at another time, they delivered aimless blows from the sides, as if they would cut through the whole bodies of their opponents, defensive armor and all.
§14.10.2ἔπειτα τὰς ἀκμὰς τῶν σιδήρων ἀπέστρεφον.
Furthermore, they bent the edges of their iron blades.
ἡ δὲ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἀλκὴ καὶ πρὸς τὸ βάρβαρον αὐτῶν ἀντιτέχνησις εὐπαίδευτος τε ἦν καὶ πολὺ τὸ ἀσφαλὲς ἔχουσα.
But the valor of the Romans and their counter-art against the barbarian way was well-trained and possessed much safety.
ἔτι γὰρ αὐτῶν ἀναιρομένων τὰς μαχαίρας ὑποδύνοντες ὑπὸ τοὺς βραχίονας καὶ τοὺς θυρεοὺς εἰς ὕψος ἀνατείνοντες, ἔπειτα γυροὶ καὶ βραχεῖς γινόμενοι, τὰς μὲν ἐκείνων πληγὰς ὑπερπετεῖς γινομένας ἀπράκτους καὶ κενὰς ἐποίουν, αὐτοὶ δὲ ὀρθὰ τὰ ξίφη φέροντες βουβῶνάς τε αὐτῶν ἔπαιον καὶ λαγόνας διῄρουν καὶ διὰ στέρνων ἐπὶ τὰ σπλάγχνα τὰς πληγὰς ἐξέτεινον·
For while the barbarians were still raising their swords, the Romans, slipping under their arms and raising their shields aloft, and then making themselves bent and low, rendered the blows of the enemy, which went over their heads, ineffectual and vain, while they themselves, holding their swords straight, struck them in the groins, ripped open their flanks, and drove their blows through their breasts to the vital organs.
ὅσους δὲ ταῦτα τὰ μέρη διὰ φυλακῆς ἔχοντας αἴσθοιντο, γονάτων ἢ σφυρῶν νεῦρα διακείροντες ἐξέχεον ἐπὶ τὴν γῆς βεβρυχότας καὶ τοὺς θυρεοὺς ὀδακτίζοντας καὶ βοὴν ὠρυγῇ παραπλησίαν ὥσπερ τὰ §14.10.3θηρία προϊεμένους.
And as many as they perceived keeping these parts under defense, they hamstringed them at the knees or ankles, bringing them down to the ground, where they roared, bit their shields, and uttered cries resembling the howling of wild beasts.
ἥ τε δύναμις ὑπέλειπε πολλοὺς τῶν βαρβάρων ἐκλυομένων τῶν μελῶν ὑπὸ κόπων καὶ τῶν ὅπλων τὰ μὲν ἀπεστόμωτο, τὰ δὲ συνετέθραυστο, τὰ δʼ οὐκέτι προσωφελεῖν δυνατὰ ἦν·
And strength failed many of the barbarians, their limbs being relaxed by exhaustion, and of their weapons, some had their edges dulled, others were shattered, and others were no longer able to be of use.
χωρὶς γὰρ τοῦ καταρρέοντος ἐκ τῶν τραυμάτων αἵματος οἱ διʼ ὅλων ἐκχεόμενοι τῶν σωμάτων ἱδρῶτες οὔτε τὰς μαχαίρας εἴων κρατεῖν οὔτε τοὺς θυρεοὺς κατέχειν, περιολισθανόντων ταῖς λαβαῖς τῶν δυκτύλων καὶ τὰς ἁφὰς οὐκέτι κραταιὰς ἐχόντων.
For apart from the blood flowing down from their wounds, the sweat pouring out over their whole bodies allowed them neither to grip their swords nor to hold onto their shields, their fingers slipping on the handles and no longer keeping a firm grasp.
Ῥωμαῖοι δὲ πολλῶν ἐθάδες ὄντες πόνων διὰ τὰς ἀτρύτους καὶ συνεχεῖς στρατείας ἅπαντα τὰ δεινὰ γενναίως ἀνέφερον.
But the Romans, being accustomed to many hardships because of their tireless and continuous campaigns, bore all the terrors nobly.

Notes

  1. 14.10.1αὐτοῖς σκεπαστηρίοις — The dative of accompaniment with αὐτός, meaning 'together with their defensive armor' or 'armor and all'.
  2. 14.10.2ἀπέστρεφον — The subject is the barbarians. This reflects the historical depiction (often found in Polybius) of Celtic iron swords being made of soft metal, which bent upon striking and had to be straightened.
  3. 14.10.2ἐξέχεον — A metaphorical use of ἐκχέω (literally 'to pour out'), here meaning 'to cast down' or 'to prostrate' the enemies onto the ground. The following accusative participles (βεβρυχότας, ὀδακτίζοντας, προϊεμένους) modify the logical object referring back to ὅσους.

Cite this passage

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities §14.10.1-14.10.3. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:14.10.1-14.10.3

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