Humanitext Reader

Dionysius of Halicarnassus · Roman Antiquities §11.34.1-11.34.6

Defense by Verginius and Relatives Regarding the Girl's Birth

Passage 834 of 962 · Greek

Summary

Verginius and his relatives defend against the charge of child substitution, arguing from the lack of motive, the improbability of keeping a secret for fifteen years, and the fact that she was breastfed.

§11.34.1ὁ δὲ τῆς κόρης πατὴρ καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ συγγενεῖς ἀπελογοῦντο περὶ τῆς ὑποβολῆς πολλὰ καὶ δίκαια καὶ ἀληθῆ λέγοντες, ὡς οὔτʼ αἰτίαν οὐδεμίαν εἶχεν ὑποβολῆς εὔλογον ἡ Νομιτωρίου μὲν ἀδελφή, Οὐεργινίου δὲ γυνή, παρθένος γαμηθεῖσα νέῳ ἀνδρὶ καὶ οὐ μετὰ πολλοὺς τοῦ γάμου τεκοῦσα χρόνους· οὔτʼ εἰ τὰ μάλιστα ἐβούλετο γένος ἀλλότριον εἰς τὸν ἴδιον οἶκον εἰσαγαγεῖν, δούλης ἀλλοτρίας ἂν ἐλάμβανε παιδίον μᾶλλον ἢ οὐ γυναικὸς ἐλευθέρας κατὰ γένος ἢ φιλίαν αὐτῇ προσηκούσης, παρʼ ἧς πιστῶς τε ἅμα
But the father of the girl and the other relatives defended themselves against the charge of substitution, saying many just and true things, to the effect that the sister of Numitorius and wife of Verginius, who had been married as a virgin to a young husband and had given birth not long after the marriage, had no reasonable cause for substitution; nor, if she had ever so much wished to introduce an alien stock into her own house, would she have taken the child of another's slave rather than of a free woman related to her by birth or friendship, from whom she would hold what she had received both faithfully and securely.
§11.34.2καὶ βεβαίως ἕξει τὸ ληφθέν. ἐξουσίαν τε ἔχουσαν ὁποῖον ἐβούλετο λαβεῖν, ἄρρεν ἂν ἑλέσθαι παιδίον μᾶλλον ἢ θῆλυ. τεκοῦσαν μὲν γὰρ ἀνάγκην τῶν τέκνων δεομένην στέργειν καὶ τρέφειν, ὅ τι ἂν ἡ φύσις ἐξενέγκῃ, ὑποβαλλομένην δὲ τὸ κρεῖττον ἀντὶ §11.34.3τοῦ χείρονος εἰκὸς εἶναι λαβεῖν.
And since she had the power to take whichever kind she wished, she would have chosen a male child rather than a female; for while it is necessary for a woman who has given birth to love and rear, as one in need of children, whatever nature brings forth, it is reasonable that one who is substituting a child should take the better instead of the worse.
πρός τε τὸν μηνυτὴν καὶ τοὺς μάρτυρας, οὓς ὁ Κλαύδιος ἔφη πολλοὺς καὶ ἀξιοχρέους παρέξεσθαι, τὸν ἐκ τῶν εἰκότων παρείχοντο λόγον, ὡς οὐκ ἄν ποτε ἡ Νομιτωρία πρᾶγμα σιγῆς δεόμενον καὶ διʼ ἑνὸς ὑπηρετηθῆναι προσώπου δυνάμενον, φανερῶς ἔπραττε καὶ μετὰ μαρτύρων ἐλευθέρων, ἵνʼ ἐκτραφεῖσαν τὴν κόρην ὑπὸ τῶν κυρίων τῆς μητρὸς ἀφαιρεθείη.
And against the informant and the witnesses, whom Claudius said he would produce in great numbers and of worthy character, they offered an argument based on probability, that Nomitoria would never have done a thing requiring silence and capable of being served by a single person, openly and with free witnesses, in order that the girl, after being reared, might be taken away by her mother's masters.
§11.34.4τόν τε χρόνον οὐ μικρὸν ἔλεγον εἶναι τεκμήριον τοῦ μηδὲν ὑγιὲς λέγειν τὸν κατήγορον· οὔτε γὰρ ἂν τὸν μηνυτὴν οὔτε τοὺς μάρτυρας κατασχεῖν ἐν πεντεκαίδεκα ἔτεσιν ἀπόρρητον τὴν ὑποβολήν, ἀλλʼ ἔτι πρότερον εἰπεῖν.
And they said that the not inconsiderable time was a proof that the accuser was saying nothing sound; for neither the informant nor the witnesses would have kept the substitution secret for fifteen years, but would have spoken of it even earlier.
§11.34.5διαβάλλοντες δὲ τὰς τῶν κατηγόρων πίστεις οὔτʼ ἀληθεῖς οὔτε πιθανὰς ἀντιπαρεξετάζειν ταύταις ἠξίουν τὰς ἑαυτῶν, πολλὰς καὶ οὐκ ἀσήμους γυναῖκας ὀνομάζοντες, ἃς ἔφασαν εἰδέναι Νομιτωρίαν ἐγκύμονα γενομένην ἐκ τοῦ περὶ τὴν γαστέρα ὄγκου.
And discrediting the proofs of the accusers as neither true nor plausible, they demanded to compare their own with them, naming many and not undistinguished women, whom they said knew that Nomitoria had become pregnant from the swelling of her belly.
χωρὶς δὲ τούτων τὰς ἐπὶ τοῦ τόκου καὶ τῆς λοχείας παραγενομένας διὰ τὸ συγγενὲς καὶ τικτόμενον τὸ παιδίον ἰδούσας ἐπεδείκνυντο καὶ ἀνακρίνειν ἠξίουν.
Apart from these, they produced those who, because of kinship, had been present at the birth and delivery and had seen the child being born, and demanded that they be questioned.
§11.34.6ὃ δὲ πάντων τεκμήριον ἦν περιφανέστατον ἔκ τε τῶν ἀνδρῶν πολλῶν καὶ γυναικῶν μαρτυρούμενον οὐ μόνον ἐλευθέρων, ἀλλὰ καὶ δούλων, τοῦτʼ ἔλεγον τελευτῶντες, ὅτι τῷ γάλακτι τῆς μητρὸς ἐτράφη τὸ παιδίον· ἀμήχανον δʼ εἶναι γάλακτος πληρωθῆναι μαστοὺς γυναικὶ μὴ τεκούσῃ.
And what was the most manifest proof of all, testified by many men and women, not only free but also slaves, this they said in conclusion: that the child was nourished by the mother's milk; and that it is impossible for the breasts of a woman who has not given birth to be filled with milk.

Notes

  1. §11.34.1δούλης ἀλλοτρίας ἂν ἐλάμβανε παιδίον μᾶλλον ἢ οὐ γυναικὸς ἐλευθέρας — The construction μᾶλλον ἢ οὐ. The negative οὐ after ἢ following μᾶλλον serves to emphasize the contrast, meaning "she would not have taken the child of another's slave rather than [taking it] from a free woman." It forms an apodosis of a past unreal condition with ἂν + imperfect indicative (ἐλάμβανε).
  2. §11.34.2ἐξουσίαν τε ἔχουσαν — The feminine singular accusative participle ἔχουσαν refers to Nomitoria (the subject of the preceding context). It is put in the accusative case to agree with the subject of the infinitive ἑλέσθαι in the accusative-and-infinitive construction of indirect discourse.
  3. §11.34.3ἵνʼ ἐκτραφεῖσαν τὴν κόρην ὑπὸ τῶν κυρίων τῆς μητρὸς ἀφαιρεθείη — A purpose clause introduced by ἵνα with the optative (ἀφαιρεθείη). It is used here with an ironic or rhetorical force, emphasizing the absurdity of the alleged purpose: "[she would not have done this] so that, after the girl was reared, she might be taken away by her mother's masters."
  4. §11.34.6ἀμήχανον δʼ εἶναι — The infinitive εἶναι is an infinitive of indirect discourse continuing from the verb of saying in the preceding sentence. Its subject is the accusative infinitive phrase "breasts to be filled [with milk]" (πληρωθῆναι μαστοὺς).

Cite this passage

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities §11.34.1-11.34.6. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:11.34.1-11.34.6

Please note the AI-draft status of the translation and the date accessed.

Translation, notes and summary are AI-generated drafts, revised through reader feedback.