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Dionysius of Halicarnassus · Roman Antiquities §1.68.1-1.68.4

Temple of the Penates in Rome and Their Origin

Passage 68 of 962 · Greek

Summary

The author describes the temple of the Penates in Rome from his own observation, and relates how these images were brought from Samothrace to Asia by Dardanus and associated with an oracle of protection.

§1.68.1ἃ δὲ αὐτός τε ἰδὼν ἐπίσταμαι καὶ δέος οὐδὲν ἀποκωλύει με περὶ αὐτῶν γράφειν τοιάδε ἐστί· νεὼς ἐν Ῥώμῃ δείκνυται τῆς ἀγορᾶς οὐ πρόσω κατὰ τὴν ἐπὶ Καρίνας φέρουσαν ἐπίτομον ὁδὸν ὑπεροχῇ σκοτεινὸς ἱδρυμένος οὐ μέγας.
But the things which I myself know from having seen them, and which no fear prevents me from writing about, are as follows: a temple is shown in Rome, not far from the Forum, along the short street leading to the Carinae; it is small, built in a dark place on an eminence.
λέγεται δὲ κατὰ τὴν ἐπιχώριον γλῶτταν ὑπʼ Ἐλαίας τὸ χωρίον.
The place is called, in the native tongue, 'under Elaria'.
ἐν δὲ τούτῳ κεῖνται τῶν Τρωικῶν θεῶν εἰκόνες, ἃς ἅπασιν ὁρᾶν θέμις, ἐπιγραφὴν ἔχουσαι δηλοῦσαν τοὺς Πενάτας.
In this temple are placed the images of the Trojan gods, which it is lawful for all to see, having an inscription showing them to be the Penates.
§1.68.2εἰσὶ δὲ νεανίαι δύο καθήμενοι δόρατα διειληφότες, τῆς παλαιᾶς ἔργα τέχνης.
They are two seated youths, each holding a spear, works of ancient art.
πολλὰ δὲ καὶ ἄλλα ἐν ἱεροῖς ἀρχαίοις εἴδωλα τῶν θεῶν τούτων ἐθεασάμεθα, καὶ ἐν ἅπασι νεανίσκοι δύο στρατιωτικὰ σχήματα ἔχοντες φαίνονται.
We have also seen many other images of these gods in ancient temples, and in all of them two youths appear wearing military attire.
ὁρᾶν μὲν δὴ ταῦτα ἔξεστιν, ἀκούειν δὲ καὶ γράφειν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν, ἃ Καλλίστρατός τε ὁ περὶ Σαμοθρᾴκης συνταξάμενος ἱστορεῖ καὶ Σάτυρος ὁ· τοὺς ἀρχαίους μύθους συναγαγὼν καὶ ἄλλοι συχνοί, παλαιότατος δὲ ὧν ἡμεῖς ἴσμεν ποιητὴς Ἀρκτῖνος.
It is indeed permitted to see these, and also to hear and write about them what Callistratus, who wrote about Samothrace, relates, and Satyrus, who collected the ancient myths, and many others, among whom the oldest poet we know is Arctinus.
§1.68.3λέγουσι γοῦν ὧδε· Χρύσην τὴν Πάλλαντος θυγατέρα γημαμένην Δαρδάνῳ φερνὰς ἐπενέγκασθαι δωρεὰς Ἀθηνᾶς τά τε Παλλάδια καὶ τὰ ἱερὰ τῶν μεγάλων θεῶν διδαχθεῖσαν αὐτῶν τὰς τελετάς.
They say, indeed, as follows: that Chryse, the daughter of Pallas, when she was married to Dardanus, brought as her dowry the gifts of Athena, both the Palladia and the sacred objects of the great gods, having been instructed in their mysteries.
ἐπειδὴ δὲ τὴν ἐπομβρίαν φεύγοντες Ἀρκάδες Πελοπόννησον μὲν ἐξέλιπον, ἐν δὲ τῇ Θρᾳκίᾳ νήσῳ τοὺς βίους ἱδρύσαντο, κατασκευάσαι τὸν Δάρδανον ἐνταῦθα τῶν θεῶν τούτων ἱερὸν ἀρρήτους τοῖς ἄλλοις ποιοῦντα τὰς ἰδίους αὐτῶν ὀνομασίας καὶ τὰς τελετὰς αὐτοῖς τὰς καὶ εἰς τόδε χρόνου γινομένας ὑπὸ Σαμοθρᾴκων ἐπιτελεῖν.
And when the Arcadians, fleeing from the flood, left the Peloponnesus and established their homes in the Thracian island, Dardanus built there a temple to these gods, keeping their private names secret from others, and instituted for them the rites which are performed by the Samothracians even to this day.
§1.68.4ὡς δὲ μετῆγε τοῦ λεὼ τὴν πλείω μοῖραν εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν τὰ μὲν ἱερὰ τῶν θεῶν καὶ τὰς τελετὰς τοῖς ὑπομείνασιν ἐν τῇ νήσῳ καταλιπεῖν· τὰ δὲ Παλλάδια καὶ τὰς τῶν θεῶν εἰκόνας κατασκευασάμενον ἀγαγέσθαι μετʼ αὐτοῦ.
And when he transported the greater part of the people into Asia, he left the sacred objects of the gods and the rites to those who remained on the island, but the Palladia and the images of the gods he prepared and took with him.
διαμαντευόμενον δὲ περὶ τῆς οἰκήσεως τά τε ἄλλα μαθεῖν καὶ περὶ τῶν ἱερῶν τῆς φυλακῆς τόνδε τὸν χρησμὸν λαβεῖν· "εἰς πόλιν ἣν κτίζῃσθα θεοῖς σέβας ἄφθιτον αἰεὶ θεῖναι, καὶ φυλακαῖς τε σέβειν θυσίαις τε χοροῖς τε.
And while consulting the oracle about his settlement, he learned other things and received this oracle concerning the guardianship of the sacred objects: 'In the city which you found, always establish an imperishable honor for the gods, and revere them with guards, sacrifices, and choral dances.
ἔστʼ ἂν γὰρ τάδε σεμνὰ καθʼ ὑμετέρην χθόνα μίμνῃ δῶρα Διὸς κούρης ἀλόχῳ σέθεν, ἡ δὲ πόλις σοι ἔσται ἀπόρθητος τὸν ἀεὶ χρόνον ἤματα πάντα. "
For as long as these holy gifts, given by the daughter of Zeus to your wife, remain in your land, your city shall be unravaged for all time, through all days.'

Notes

  1. 1.68.1ὑπεροχῇ — Meaning 'on an eminence' or 'on elevated ground'. The noun ὑπεροχή originally means 'eminence' or 'protrusion', used here adverbially in the dative to indicate that the temple was constructed on a topographically elevated spot.
  2. 1.68.1ὑπʼ Ἐλαίας — A Greek semantic rendering of the Roman place name 'Velia' (specifically 'sub Velia'). In Greek, Velia was identified with Ἐλαία, and the Latin prepositional phrase 'sub Velia' (under the Velia hill) is translated using the preposition ὑπό with the genitive.
  3. 1.68.3διδαχθεῖσαν — The accusative feminine singular of the passive participle διδαχθεῖσα (from διδάσκω), modifying Χρύσην, which is the subject of the infinitive. Verbs that take a double accusative (teaching someone something) retain the accusative of the thing (τὰς τελετάς) even in the passive voice.
  4. 1.68.4κατασκευασάμενον — An aorist middle participle of κατασκευάζω. It functions here either as a middle of interest ('having prepared for himself') or in a causative sense ('having had them made for himself').
  5. 1.68.4ἣν κτίζῃσθα — κτίζῃσθα is an archaic/epic form of the second person singular subjunctive κτίζῃς, featuring the Homeric suffix -θα. It is employed here within the poetic oracle to convey a solemn, archaic tone.

Cite this passage

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities §1.68.1-1.68.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:1.68.1-1.68.4

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