§1.38.1οὐδὲν δὴ θαυμαστὸν ἦν τοὺς παλαιοὺς ἱερὰν ὑπολαβεῖν τοῦ Κρόνου τὴν χώραν ταύτην, τὸν μὲν δαίμονα τοῦτον οἰομένους εἶναι πάσης εὐδαιμονίας δοτῆρα καὶ πληρωτὴν ἀνθρώποις, εἴτε Κρόνον αὐτὸν δεῖ καλεῖν, ὡς Ἕλληνες ἀξιοῦσιν, εἴτε Σάτουρνον, ὡς Ῥωμαῖοι, πᾶσαν δὲ περιειληφότα τὴν τοῦ κόσμου φύσιν, ὁποτέρως ἄν τις ὀνομάσῃ· τὴν δὲ χώραν ταύτην ὁρῶντας ἔκπλεω πάσης εὐπορίας καὶ χάριτος, ἧς τὸ θνητὸν ἐφίεται γένος, ἀξιοῦντας δὲ καὶ θείῳ καὶ θνητῷ γένει τὸ πρόσφορον εἶναι πάντων χωρίων ἁρμοδιώτατον, ὄρη μὲν καὶ νάπας Πανί, λειμῶνας δὲ καὶ τεθηλότα χωρία νύμφαις, ἀκτὰς δὲ καὶ νήσους πελαγίοις δαίμοσι, τῶν δʼ ἄλλων, ὡς ἑκάστῳ §1.38.2τι θεῷ καὶ δαίμονι οἰκεῖον.
It was indeed no wonder that the ancients considered this land sacred to Cronus, since they believed this deity to be the giver and fulfiller of all happiness to humans—whether it is necessary to call him Cronus, as the Greeks claim, or Saturn, as the Romans do, encompassing the whole nature of the universe, in whichever way one may name him—and since they saw this land full of all abundance and grace for which the mortal race longs, and judged it to be the most fitting of all places for both the divine and the mortal race to have what is appropriate; namely, the mountains and glens for Pan, the meadows and flourishing places for the nymphs, the shores and islands for the marine deities, and of the rest, to each deity and spirit what was suitable.
λέγουσι δὲ καὶ τὰς θυσίας ἐπιτελεῖν τῷ Κρόνῳ τοὺς παλαιοὺς, ὥσπερ ἐν Καρχηδόνι τέως ἡ πόλις διέμεινε καὶ παρὰ Κελτοῖς εἰς τόδε χρόνου γίνεται καὶ ἐν ἄλλοις τισὶ τῶν ἑσπερίων ἐθνῶν ἀνδροφόνους, Ἡρακλέα δὲ παῦσαι τὸν νόμον τῆς θυσίας βουληθέντα τόν τε βωμὸν ἱδρύσασθαι τὸν ἐπὶ τῷ Σατουρνίῳ καὶ κατάρξασθαι θυμάτων ἁγνῶν ἐπὶ καθαρῷ πυρὶ ἁγιζομένων, ἵνα δὲ μηδὲν εἴη τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἐνθύμιον, ὡς πατρίων ἠλογηκόσι θυσιῶν, διδάξαι τοὺς ἐπιχωρίους ἀπομειλιττομένους τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ μῆνιν ἀντὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, οὓς συμποδίζοντες καὶ τῶν χειρῶν ἀκρατεῖς ποιοῦντες ἐρρίπτουν εἰς τὸ τοῦ Τεβέριος ῥεῖθρον, εἴδωλα ποιοῦντας ἀνδρείκελα κεκοσμημένα τὸν αὐτὸν ἐκείνοις τρόπον ἐμβαλεῖν εἰς τὸν ποταμόν, ἵνα δὴ τὸ τῆς ὀττείας ὅ τι δή ποτε ἦν ἐν ταῖς ἁπάντων ψυχαῖς παραμένον ἐξαιρεθῇ τῶν εἰκόνων τοῦ παλαιοῦ πάθους ἔτι σωζομένων.
And they say that the ancients also performed human-slaying sacrifices to Cronus, just as the city remained doing in Carthage for a time, and as happens among the Celts to this day, and among some other western nations. But Heracles, wishing to stop this custom of sacrifice, established the altar upon the Saturnian hill and initiated pure offerings consecrated upon a clean fire. And so that the people might have no uneasiness in their minds as having neglected their ancestral sacrifices, he taught the inhabitants, when appeasing the anger of the god, to make lifelike images decorated in the same manner as those men whom they used to bind hand and foot and cast into the stream of the Tiber, and to throw these into the river, in order that whatever dread of omen remained in the souls of all might be removed, while the images of the ancient suffering were still preserved.
§1.38.3τοῦτο δὲ καὶ μέχρις ἐμοῦ ἔτι διετέλουν Ῥωμαῖοι δρῶντες μικρὸν ὕστερον ἐαρινῆς ἰσημερίας ἐν μηνὶ Μαΐῳ ταῖς καλουμέναις εἰδοῖς, διχομηνίδα βουλόμενοι ταύτην εἶναι τὴν ἡμέραν, ἐν ᾗ προθύσαντες ἱερὰ τὰ κατὰ τοὺς νόμους οἱ καλούμενοι Ποντίφικες, ἱερέων οἱ διαφανέστατοι, καὶ σὺν αὐτοῖς αἱ τὸ ἀθάνατον πῦρ διαφυλάττουσαι παρθένοι στρατηγοί τε καὶ τῶν ἄλλων πολιτῶν οὓς παρεῖναι ταῖς ἱερουργίαις θέμις εἴδωλα μορφαῖς ἀνθρώπων εἰκασμένα, τριάκοντα τὸν ἀριθμὸν ἀπὸ τῆς ἱερᾶς γεφύρας βάλλουσιν εἰς τὸ ῥεῦμα τοῦ Τεβέριος, Ἀργείους §1.38.4αὐτὰ καλοῦντες.
And the Romans continued doing this even down to my time, a little after the vernal equinox, in the month of May, on the so-called Ides, wishing this day to be the middle of the month; on which day, after the so-called Pontiffs—the most distinguished of the priests—have first offered the sacrifices according to the laws, and with them the virgins who guard the immortal fire, the praetors, and those of the other citizens whom it is lawful to be present at the sacred rites, they cast images fashioned in the likeness of men, thirty in number, from the sacred bridge into the stream of the Tiber, calling them Argei.
ἀλλὰ γὰρ περὶ μὲν τῶν θυσιῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἱερουργιῶν, ἃς ἡ Ῥωμαίων πόλις συντελεῖ κατά τε τὸν Ἑλληνικὸν καὶ τὸν ἐπιχώριον τρόπον ἐν ἑτέρῳ λόγῳ δηλώσομεν, ἀπαιτεῖν δὲ ὁ παρὼν καιρὸς ἔοικε καὶ περὶ τῆς Ἡρακλέους ἀφίξεως εἰς Ἰταλίαν μετʼ ἐπιστάσεως πλείονος διελθεῖν καὶ εἴ τι λόγου ἄξιον ἔδρασεν αὐτόθι μὴ παραλιπεῖν.
But indeed, concerning the sacrifices and the other sacred rites which the city of the Romans performs according to both the Greek and the native manner, we shall declare in another treatise; but the present occasion seems to demand that we relate with greater attention also concerning the arrival of Heracles in Italy, and not omit anything he did there that is worthy of mention.