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Dionysius of Halicarnassus · Roman Antiquities §1.16.1-1.16.5

War between the Aborigines and the Sicels

Passage 16 of 962 · Greek

Summary

It is narrated how the Aborigines sent out their youth according to the custom of the 'sacred spring' to plunder the neighboring Sicels, which encouraged other Aborigines to colonize and eventually led to an unprecedentedly large war between the two nations in Italy.

§1.16.1τὴν μὲν δὴ πρώτην οἴκησιν οἱ Ἀβοριγῖνες ἐν τούτοις λέγονται ποιήσασθαι τοῖς τόποις, ἐξελάσαντες ἐξ αὐτῶν Ὀμβρικούς.
The Aborigines are said to have established their first settlement in these places, after expelling the Umbrians from them.
ἐντεῦθεν δὲ ὁρμώμενοι τοῖς τε ἄλλοις βαρβάροις καὶ πάντων μάλιστα Σικελοῖς ὁμοτέρμοσιν οὖσιν ὑπὲρ τῆς χώρας ἐπολέμουν, τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἱερά τις ἐξελθοῦσα νεότης, ἄνδρες ὀλίγοι κατὰ βίου ζήτησιν ὑπὸ τῶν γειναμένων ἀποσταλέντες, ἔθος ἐκπληροῦντες ἀρχαῖον, ᾧ πολλοὺς βαρβάρων τε καὶ Ἑλλήνων ἐπίσταμαι χρησαμένους.
Setting out from there, they made war for the possession of the country against the other barbarians, and most of all against the Sicels, who were their neighbors. At first, a certain sacred youth went forth, a few men sent out by their parents in search of a livelihood, fulfilling an ancient custom which I know many both of barbarians and of Greeks to have observed.
§1.16.2ὁπότε γὰρ εἰς ὄχλου πλῆθος ἐπίδοσιν αἱ πόλεις τισὶ λάβοιεν ὥστε μηκέτι τὰς οἰκείας τροφὰς ἅπασιν εἶναι διαρκεῖς, ἢ κακωθεῖσα ταῖς οὐρανίοις μεταβολαῖς ἡ γῆ σπανίους τοὺς εἰωθότας καρποὺς ἐξενέγκειεν, ἢ τοιόνδε τι πάθος ἄλλο τὰς πόλεις κατασχὸν εἴτε ἄμεινον εἴτε χεῖρον ἀνάγκην ἐπιστήσειε μειώσεως τοῦ πλήθους, θεῶν ὅτῳ δὴ καθιεροῦντες ἀνθρώπων ἐτείους γονὰς ἐξέπεμπον ὅπλοις κοσμήσαντες ἐκ τῆς σφετέρας·
For whenever the cities increased so much in population that their own food was no longer sufficient for all, or the land, damaged by celestial changes, produced the usual crops in scanty measure, or any other such calamity, whether better or worse, befell the cities and imposed the necessity of diminishing their numbers, they would dedicate the annual offspring of men to some god or other and send them out of their country equipped with arms.
εἰ μὲν ὑπὲρ εὐανδρίας ἢ νίκης ἐκ πολέμου χαριστήρια θεοῖς ἀποδιδοῖεν, προθύοντες ἱερὰ τὰ νομιζόμενα, εὐφήμοις οἰωνοῖς τὰς ἀποικίας προπέμποντες· εἰ δʼ ἐπὶ μηνίμασι δαιμονίοις ἀπαλλαγὰς αἰτούμενοι τῶν κατεχόντων σφᾶς κακῶν τὸ παραπλήσιον δρῷεν, αὐτοί τε ἀχθόμενοι καὶ συγγνώμονας ἀξιοῦντες γενέσθαι τοὺς. ἀπελαυνομένους.
If they did this as a thanksgiving to the gods for a numerous population or for victory in war, they would first offer the customary sacrifices and then send forth the colonies with favorable auspices; but if they did so to avert the wrath of heaven and to seek deliverance from the evils that oppressed them, they did the same, though both sorrowing themselves and asking those who were being sent away to forgive them.
§1.16.3οἱ δὲ ἀπαναστάντες ὡς οὐκέτι τῆς πατρῴας γῆς μεταληψόμενοι, εἰ μὴ κτήσαιντο ἑτέραν, τὴν ὑποδεξαμένην αὐτοὺς εἴτε πρὸς φιλίαν εἴτε ἐν πολέμῳ κρατηθεῖσαν πατρίδα ἐποιοῦντο·
And those who had departed, as persons who would no longer share in their ancestral land unless they acquired another, made the land that received them their country, whether it was won by friendship or conquered in war.
ὅ τε θεὸς, ᾧ κατονομασθεῖεν ἀπελαυνόμενοι, συλλαμβάνειν αὐτοῖς ὡς τὰ πολλὰ ἐδόκει καὶ παρὰ τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην δόξαν κατορθοῦν τὰς ἀποικίας.
And the god to whom they had been dedicated when they were sent away was believed for the most part to assist them and to make their colonies prosper beyond human expectation.
§1.16.4τούτῳ δὴ τῷ νόμῳ χρώμενοι καὶ τότε τῶν Ἀβοριγίνων τινὲς ἀνθούντων ἀνδράσι τῶν χωρίων ʽκτείνειν γὰρ οὐδένα τῶν ἐκγόνων ἠξίουν, ἄγους οὐδενὸς ἔλαττον τοῦτο τιθέμενοἰ, θεῶν ὅτῳ δὴ καθιερώσαντες ἐνιαυσίους γονὰς ἀνδρωθέντας ἀποικίζουσι τοὺς παῖδας ἐκ τῆς σφετέρας, οἳ τοὺς Σικελοὺς ἄγοντές τε καὶ
Following this custom, some of the Aborigines also at that time, when their lands were teeming with men (for they thought it right to kill none of their offspring, considering this as great a crime as any pollution), dedicated the annual offspring to some god or other, and when the children had grown to manhood, sent them out of their country as colonists.
§1.16.5φέροντες διετέλουν, ἐπειδὴ τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἐξέλιπον.
These people continually plundered the Sicels and carried off their property, after they had left their own land.
ὡς δʼ ἅπαξ οὗτοι χωρίων τινῶν τῆς πολεμίας ἐκράτησαν, ἐκ τοῦ ἀσφαλεστέρου ἤδη καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ Ἀβοριγῖνες οἱ δεόμενοι γῆς κατὰ σφᾶς ἕκαστοι ἐπεχείρουν τοῖς ὁμόροις καὶ πόλεις ἔκτισαν ἄλλας τέ τινας καὶ τὰς μέχρι τοῦδε οἰκουμένας, Ἀντεμνάτας καὶ Τελληνεῖς καὶ Φικολνέους τοὺς πρὸς τοῖς καλουμένοις Κορνίκλοις ὄρεσι καὶ Τιβουρτίνους, παρʼ οἷς ἔτι καὶ εἰς τόδε χρόνου μέρος τι τῆς πόλεως ὀνομάζεται Σικελικόν·
But when they had once made themselves masters of certain places in the enemy's country, the rest of the Aborigines also who needed land, acting now with greater safety, each attacked their neighbors and founded other cities, including some that are inhabited to this day: Antemnates, Tellenes, Ficulnei, who lived near the so-called Corniculan hills, and Tiburtines, among whom even to this day a part of the city is called Sikelikon.
καὶ ἦσαν ἁπάντων μάλιστα τῶν προσοικούντων λυπηροὶ τοῖς Σικελοῖς.
And they were, of all their neighbors, the most troublesome to the Sicels.
ἀνίσταται δὲ ἐκ τούτων τῶν διαφορῶν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ὅλοις πόλεμος ὅσος οὐδεὶς τῶν πρότερον γενομένων ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ, καὶ προῆλθεν ἄχρι πολλοῦ χρόνου μηκυνόμενος.
From these disputes there arose between the two nations a war greater than any that had previously occurred in Italy, and it went on, being prolonged for a long time.

Notes

  1. 1.16.1τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἱερά τις ἐξελθοῦσα νεότης, ἄνδρες ὀλίγοι κατὰ βίου ζήτησιν ὑπὸ τῶν γειναμένων ἀποσταλέντες — Against the main participle ὁρμώμενοι and the verb ἐπολέμουν (both masculine plural), the feminine singular collective noun ἱερά τις ἐξελθοῦσα νεότης is placed in apposition, followed by the masculine plural ἄνδρες ὀλίγοι... ἀποσταλέντες which explains it further. This is a complex constructio ad sensum where semantic agreement (referring to the specific young men sent out) takes precedence over strict grammatical agreement in gender and number.
  2. 1.16.2θεῶν ὅτῳ δὴ καθιεροῦντες — The phrase ὅτῳ δή is the dative of the indefinite relative pronoun ὅστις with the particle δή, meaning 'to some god or other' (without specifying a particular name). This describes the religious ritual of dedicating human beings to a certain deity (such as Mars) in the ancient Italian custom of 'ver sacrum' (sacred spring).
  3. 1.16.5ἄγοντές τε καὶ φέροντες — This is the participle form of the traditional Greek idiom ἄγειν καὶ φέρειν (literally 'to drive [cattle] and carry [property]'), meaning 'to plunder' or 'to ravage'. It corresponds to the Latin idiom *ferre et agere*.

Cite this passage

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities §1.16.1-1.16.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0081.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:1.16.1-1.16.5

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