§1Χαλεπὸν μὲν ἄνθρωπον ὄντα δαίμονός τινος ἐπήρειαν διαφυγεῖν, πολὺ δὲ χαλεπώτερον ἀπολογίαν εὑρεῖν παραλόγου καὶ δαιμονίου πταίσματος, ἅπερ ἀμφότερα νῦν ἐμοὶ συμβέβηκεν, ὃς ἀφικόμενος παρὰ σέ, ὡς προσείποιμι τὸ ἑωθινόν, δέον τὴν συνήθη ταύτην φωνὴν ἀφεῖναι καὶ χαίρειν κελεύειν, ἐγὼ δὲ ὁ χρυσοῦς ἐπιλαθόμενος ὑγιαίνειν σε ἠξίουν, εὔφημον μὲν καὶ τοῦτο, οὐκ ἐν καιρῷ δὲ ὡς οὐ κατὰ τὴν ἕω.
It is indeed difficult, being human, to escape the malice of some deity, and much more difficult to find a defense for an absurd and supernatural slip, both of which have now happened to me, who, having come to you to offer my morning greeting, when I ought to have uttered that customary phrase and bid you 'rejoice', instead, precious fool that I am, forgot it and bade you 'be healthy'—auspicious indeed, this too, but out of season, as not suited to the morning.
ἐγὼ μὲν οὖν ἐπὶ τούτῳ εὐθὺς ἴδιόν τε καὶ ἠρυθρίων καὶ παντοῖος ἦν ὑπὸ ἀπορίας, οἱ παρόντες δὲ οἱ μὲν παραπαίειν, ὡς τὸ εἰκός, οἱ δὲ ληρεῖν ὑφ' ἡλικίας, οἱ δὲ χθεσινῆς κραιπάλης ἀνάμεστον ἔτι ᾤοντό με εἶναι, εἰ καὶ ὅτι μάλιστα σὺ ἐπιεικῶς ἤνεγκας τὸ γεγονὸς οὐδ’ ὅσον ἄκρῳ τῷ μειδιάματι ἐπισημηνάμενος τῆς γλώττης τὴν διαμαρτίαν.
I, therefore, at this immediately began to sweat and blush, and was in every kind of state from embarrassment, while of those present, some thought, as was natural, that I was crazy, others that I was dotardly from old age, and others that I was still full of yesterday's hangover, even though you yourself bore what happened with the greatest indulgence, not even showing by the slightest smile that you noticed the slip of my tongue.
ἔδοξεν οὖν μοι καλῶς ἔχειν παραμυθίαν τινὰ ἐμαυτῷ συγγράψαι, ὡς μὴ πάνυ ἀνιῴμην ἐπὶ τῷ πταίσματι μηδ’ ἀφόρητον ἡγοίμην, εἰ πρεσβύτης ἀνὴρ τοσοῦτον ἀπεσφάλην τοῦ καλῶς ἔχοντος ἐπὶ τοσούτων μαρτύρων.
Thus it seemed good to me to write some consolation for myself, so that I might not be utterly vexed at the slip nor deem it unbearable that an old man like me should have stumbled so far from what is proper in front of so many witnesses.
ἀπολογίας μὲν γὰρ οὐδὲν ἔδει οἶμαι ὑπὲρ γλώττης εἰς οὕτως εὔφημον εὐχὴν ὀλισθούσης.
For I believe no defense was needed for a tongue that slipped into so auspicious a wish.
§2Ἀρχόμενος μὲν οὖν τῆς γραφῆς πάνυ ἀπόρῳ ἐντεύξεσθαι ᾤμην τῷ προβλήματι, προϊόντι δὲ πολλὰ προὐφάνη τὰ λεκτέα.
Now, when I began writing, I thought I would encounter an extremely difficult problem, but as I proceeded, many things that needed to be said presented themselves.
οὐ μὴν πρότερον ἐρῶ αὐτά, ἢν μὴ περὶ τοῦ χαίρειν αὐτοῦ καὶ τοῦ εὖ πράττειν καὶ τοῦ ὑγιαίνειν προείπω τὰ εἰκότα.
However, I shall not speak of them before I first say what is fitting concerning 'rejoice' itself, 'farewell' (doing well), and 'be healthy'.
Τὸ μὲν δὴ χαίρειν ἀρχαία μὲν ἡ προσαγόρευσις, οὐ μὴν ἑωθινὴ μόνον οὐδὲ ὑπὸ τὴν πρώτην ἔντευξιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρῶτον μὲν ἰδόντες ἀλλήλους ἔλεγον αὐτό, ὡς τό
"
χαῖρ', ὦ δυνάστα τῆσδε γῆς Τιρυνθίας. "
καὶ μετὰ τὸ δεῖπνον ἐς λόγους ἤδη παροινίους τρεπόμενοι, ὡς τό
"
χαῖρ', Ἀχιλεῦ, δαιτὸς μὲν ἐΐσης οὐκ ἐπιδευεῖς,
"
Ὀδυσσεὺς ὁπότε τὴν ἐπεσταλμένην πρεσβείαν αὐτῷ ἐρρητόρευεν.
Indeed, 'rejoice' is an ancient salutation; yet it was not used only in the morning nor only at the first meeting, but they also said it when they first saw one another, as in: 'Rejoice, O ruler of this Tirynthian land.' And after dinner, when already turning to talk over wine, as in: 'Rejoice, Achilles, we do not lack an equal feast,' when Odysseus was delivering to him the embassy with which he was charged.
καὶ ἤδη ἀπιόντες παρ' ἀλλήλων, ὡς τό
"
χαίρετ', ἐγὼ δ’ ὔμμιν θεὸς ἄμβροτος, οὐκέτι
θνητός. "
ἴδιος δὲ καιρὸς οὐδεὶς ἀπενενέμητο τῇ προσρήσει, οὐδὲ ὡς νῦν μόνος ὁ ἑωθινός, ὅπου γε καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀπαισίων καὶ ἀπευκτοτάτων ὅμως ἐχρῶντο αὐτῇ, ὡς ὁ τοῦ Εὐριπίδου Πολυνείκης ἤδη τελευτῶν τὸν βίον,
"
καὶ χαίρετ', ἤδη γάρ με περιβάλλει σκότος. "
καὶ οὐ μόνον φιλοφροσύνης αὐτοῖς ἦν τοῦτο σύμβολον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀπεχθείας καὶ τοῦ μηκέτι χρήσεσθαι ἀλλήλοις.
And when already departing from one another, as in: 'Farewell, for I am to you an immortal god, no longer mortal.' No special time had been assigned to the salutation, nor was it, as now, only the morning one, since they used it even in inauspicious and most undesirable circumstances, as Euripides' Polyneices, when already ending his life, says: 'And farewell, for already darkness enfolds me.' And it was to them not only a token of friendliness, but also of hostility and of no longer having dealings with one another.
τὸ γοῦν μακρὰ χαίρειν φράσαι τὸ μηκέτι φροντιεῖν δηλοῖ.
At any rate, to bid someone 'a long farewell' signifies no longer caring for them.
§3Πρῶτος δ’ αὐτὸ Φιλιππίδης ὁ ἡμεροδρομήσας λέγεται ἀπὸ Μαραθῶνος ἀγγέλλων τὴν νίκην εἰπεῖν πρὸς τοὺς ἄρχοντας καθημένους καὶ πεφροντικότας ὑπὲρ τοῦ τέλους τῆς μάχης, Χαίρετε, νικῶμεν, καὶ τοῦτο εἰπὼν συναποθανεῖν τῇ ἀγγελίᾳ καὶ τῷ χαίρειν συνεκπνεῦσαι.
And Philippides, the day-runner, is said to have been the first to use it when bringing the news of victory from Marathon to the magistrates who were sitting and anxious about the outcome of the battle, saying, 'Rejoice, we conquer!', and having said this, died along with his message and breathed his last together with his 'rejoice'.
ἐν ἐπιστολῆς δὲ ἀρχῇ Κλέων ὁ Ἀθηναῖος δημαγωγὸς ἀπὸ Σφακτηρίας πρῶτον χαίρειν προὔθηκεν εὐαγγελιζόμενος τὴν νίκην τὴν ἐκεῖθεν καὶ τὴν τῶν Σπαρτιατῶν ἅλωσιν.
And at the beginning of a letter, Cleon the Athenian demagogue was the first to prefix 'rejoice' when bringing the good news of the victory there and the capture of the Spartans from Sphacteria.
καὶ ὅμως γε μετ' ἐκεῖνον ὁ Νικίας ἀπὸ Σικελίας ἐπιστέλλων ἐν τῷ ἀρχαίῳ τῶν ἐπιστολῶν διέμεινεν ἀπ' αὐτῶν ἀρξάμενος τῶν πραγμάτων.
Yet nevertheless, after him, Nicias, when writing from Sicily, persisted in the ancient style of letters, beginning directly with the matters themselves.
§4Ἀλλ' ὁ θαυμαστὸς Πλάτων, ἀνὴρ ἀξιόπιστος νομοθέτης τῶν τοιούτων, τὸ μὲν χαίρειν κελεύειν καὶ πάνυ ἀποδοκιμάζει ὡς μοχθηρὸν ὂν καὶ οὐδὲν σπουδαῖον ἐμφαῖνον, τὸ δ’ εὖ πράττειν ἀντ' αὐτοῦ εἰσάγει ὡς κοινὸν σώματός τε καὶ ψυχῆς εὖ διακειμένων σύμβολον, καὶ ἐπιστέλλων γε τῷ Διονυσίῳ αἰτιᾶται αὐτόν, ὅτι ποιῶν ἐς τὸν Ἀπόλλω χαίρειν τὸν θεὸν προσεῖπεν ὡς ἀνάξιον τοῦ Πυθίου καὶ οὐχ ὅπως θεοῖς, ἀλλ’ οὐδ’ ἀνθρώποις δεξιοῖς πρέπον.
But the admirable Plato, a trustworthy legislator of such matters, utterly rejects bidding 'rejoice' as being vulgar and indicating nothing of serious worth, and introduces 'farewell' in its place as a common token of both body and soul being in a good state, and indeed in writing to Dionysius he censures him because, in composing a hymn to Apollo, he addressed the god with 'rejoice', as being unworthy of the Pythian god and appropriate not only not to gods, but not even to sensible men.