§8Σόλων
τῶν γυμνασμάτων δὲ τούτων τὸ μὲν ἐν τῷ πηλῷ ἐκεῖνο πάλη καλεῖται, οἱ δʼ ἐν τῇ κόνει παλαίουσι καὶ αὐτοί, τὸ δὲ παίειν ἀλλήλους ὀρθοστάδην παγκρατιάζειν λέγομεν.
Solon: "Of these exercises, that one in the mud is called wrestling, and those in the dust also wrestle, while striking each other upright we call competing in the pancratium.
καὶ ἄλλα δὲ ἡμῖν ἐστι γυμνάσια τοιαῦτα πυγμῆς καὶ δίσκου καὶ τοῦ ὑπεράλλεσθαι, ὧν ἁπάντων ἀγῶνας προτίθεμεν, καὶ ὁ κρατήσας ἄριστος εἶναι δοκεῖ τῶν καθʼ αὑτὸν καὶ ἀναιρεῖται τὰ ἆθλα. §9Ἀνάχαρσις
τὰ δὲ ἆθλα τίνα ὑμῖν ταῦτά ἐστιν; Σόλων
Ὀλυμπίασι μὲν στέφανος ἐκ κοτίνου, Ἰσθμοῖ δὲ ἐκ πίτυος, ἐν Νεμέᾳ δὲ σελίνων πεπλεγμένος, Πυθοῖ δὲ μῆλα τῶν ἱερῶν τοῦ θεοῦ, παρʼ ἡμῖν δὲ τοῖς Παναθηναίοις τὸ ἔλαιον τὸ ἐκ τῆς μορίας.
And we have other such exercises of boxing, discus-throwing, and jumping, for all of which we propose contests, and the one who wins is held to be the best of his contemporaries and carries off the prizes." Anacharsis: "And what are these prizes of yours?" Solon: "At Olympia, a crown of wild olive; at the Isthmus, of pine; at Nemea, one woven of wild celery; at Pytho, sacred apples of the god; and with us at the Panathenaia, the oil from the sacred olive.
τί ἐγέλασας, ὦ Ἀνάχαρσι;
Why did you laugh, Anacharsis?
ἢ διότι μικρά σοι εἶναι ταῦτα δοκεῖ; Ἀνάχαρσις
οὔκ, ἀλλὰ πάνσεμνα, ὦ Σόλων, κατέλεξας τὰ ἆθλα καὶ ἄξια τοῖς τε διαθεῖσιν αὐτὰ φιλοτιμεῖσθαι ἐπὶ τῇ μεγαλοδωρεᾷ καὶ τοῖς ἀγωνισταῖς αὐτοῖς ὑπερεσπουδακέναι περὶ τὴν ἀναίρεσιν τῶν τηλικούτων, ὥστε μήλων ἕνεκα καὶ σελίνων τοσαῦτα προπονεῖν καὶ κινδυνεύειν ἀγχομένους πρὸς ἀλλήλων καὶ κατακλωμένους, ὡς οὐκ ἐνὸν ἀπραγμόνως εὐπορῆσαι μήλων ὅτῳ ἐπιθυμία ἢ σελίνῳ ἐστεφανῶσθαι ἢ πίτυϊ μήτε πηλῷ καταχριόμενον τὸ πρόσωπον μήτε λακτιζόμενον εἰς τὴν γαστέρα ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνταγωνιστῶν.
Is it because these seem small to you?" Anacharsis: "No, but you have listed quite solemn prizes, Solon, and worthy of those who established them to pride themselves on their grand generosity, and of the competitors themselves to have been exceedingly eager for the winning of such things, so that for the sake of apples and celery they toil so beforehand and risk being choked by one another and having their limbs broken, as if it were not possible for anyone who has a desire to obtain apples easily, or to be crowned with celery or pine, without either having his face smeared with mud or being kicked in the belly by his opponents." Solon: "But, my good man, we do not look only to the bare gifts given.
§10Σόλων
ἀλλʼ, ὦ ἄριστε, οὐκ εἰς ψιλὰ τὰ διδόμενα ἡμεῖς ἀποβλέπομεν. ταῦτα μὲν γάρ ἐστι σημεῖα τῆς νίκης καὶ γνωρίσματα οἵτινες οἱ κρατήσαντες.
For these are signs of victory and tokens of who the victors are.
ἡ δὲ παρακολουθοῦσα τούτοις δόξα τοῦ παντὸς ἀξία τοῖς νενικηκόσιν, ὑπὲρ ἧς καὶ λακτίζεσθαι καλῶς ἔχει τοῖς θηρωμένοις τὴν εὔκλειαν ἐκ τῶν πόνων.
But the glory that follows these is worth everything to those who have won, for the sake of which even being kicked is well worth it for those who hunt fame from toils.
οὐ γὰρ ἀπονητὶ προσγένοιτο ἂν αὕτη, ἀλλὰ χρὴ τὸν ὀρεγόμενον αὐτῆς πολλὰ τὰ δυσχερῆ ἀνασχόμενον ἐν τῇ ἀρχῇ τότʼ ἤδη τὸ λυσιτελὲς καὶ ἡδὺ τέλος ἐκ τῶν καμάτων περιμένειν. Ἀνάχαρσις
τοῦτο φής, ὦ Σόλων, τὸ τέλος ἡδὺ καὶ λυσιτελές, ὅτι πάντες αὐτοὺς ὄψονται ἐστεφανωμένους καὶ ἐπὶ τῇ νίκῃ ἐπαινέσονται πολὺ πρότερον οἰκτείραντες ἐπὶ ταῖς πληγαῖς, οἱ δὲ εὐδαιμονήσουσιν ἀντὶ τῶν πόνων μῆλα καὶ σέλινα ἔχοντες. Σόλων
ἄπειρος εἶ, φημί, τῶν ἡμετέρων ἔτι· μετὰ μικρὸν δὲ ἄλλα σοι δόξει περὶ αὐτῶν, ἐπειδὰν εἰς τὰς πανηγύρεις ἀπιὼν ὁρᾷς τοσοῦτο πλῆθος ἀνθρώπων συλλεγόμενον ἐπὶ τὴν θέαν τῶν τοιούτων καὶ θέατρα μυρίανδρα συμπληρούμενα καὶ τοὺς ἀγωνιστὰς ἐπαινουμένους, τὸν δὲ καὶ νικήσαντα αὐτῶν ἰσόθεον νομιζόμενον.
For this would not come without effort, but he who desires it must, after enduring many hardships in the beginning, only then await the profitable and pleasant end from his labors." Anacharsis: "Do you say this, Solon, to be the pleasant and profitable end, that everyone will see them crowned and will praise them for their victory after having pitied them much earlier for their blows, and that they will be happy in exchange for their toils, possessing apples and celery?" Solon: "You are still inexperienced, I say, in our affairs; but in a little while you will think otherwise about them, when going to the national festivals you see such a great multitude of people gathering for the spectacle of such things, and theaters holding ten thousand packed full, and the competitors being praised, and the one of them who has won being regarded as equal to a god." Anacharsis: "This very thing, Solon, is also the most pitiable, if they suffer these things not before a few, but in the presence of so many spectators and witnesses of the violence, who clearly congratulate them when seeing them sprinkled with blood or choked by their opponents; for these most happy things belong to their victory.
§11Ἀνάχαρσις
αὐτὸ τοῦτο, ὦ Σόλων, καὶ τὸ οἴκτιστόν ἐστιν, εἰ μὴ ἐπʼ ὀλίγων ταῦτα πάσχουσιν, ἀλλὰ ἐν τοσούτοις θεαταῖς καὶ μάρτυσι τῆς ὕβρεως, οἳ δηλαδὴ εὐδαιμονίζουσιν αὐτοὺς αἵματι ῥαινομένους ὁρῶντες ἢ ἀγχομένους ὑπὸ τῶν ἀντιπάλων· ταῦτα γὰρ τὰ εὐδαιμονέστατα πρόσεστι τῇ νίκῃ αὐτῶν. παρʼ ἡμῖν δὲ τοῖς Σκύθαις ἤν τις, ὦ Σόλων, ἢ πατάξῃ τινὰ τῶν πολιτῶν ἢ ἀνατρέψῃ προσπεσὼν ἢ θοἰμάτια περιρρήξῃ, μεγάλας οἱ πρεσβῦται τὰς ζημίας ἐπάγουσι, κἂν ἐπʼ ὀλίγων μαρτύρων τοῦτο πάθῃ τις, οὔτι γε ἐν τηλικούτοις θεάτροις, οἷα σὺ διηγῇ τὸ Ἰσθμοῖ καὶ τὸ ἐν Ὀλυμπίᾳ.
But among us Scythians, Solon, if anyone strikes one of the citizens, or attacks and throws him down, or tears his clothes, the elders impose heavy penalties, even if one suffers this before a few witnesses, let alone in such great assemblies as those you describe at the Isthmus and at Olympia.
οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ τοὺς μὲν ἀγωνιστὰς οἰκτείρειν μοι ἔπεισιν ὧν πάσχουσιν, τῶν δὲ θεατῶν οὓς φὴς ἁπανταχόθεν τοὺς ἀρίστους παραγίγνεσθαι εἰς τὰς πανηγύρεις καὶ πάνυ θαυμάζω, εἰ τἀναγκαῖα παρέντες σχολάζουσιν ἐπὶ τοῖς τοιούτοις.
Nevertheless, pity comes over me for the competitors because of what they suffer, and as for the spectators whom you say come from all sides as the best to the festivals, I wonder at them very much, if, neglecting necessary affairs, they have leisure for such things.
οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐκεῖνό πω δύναμαι κατανοῆσαι ὅ τι τὸ τερπνὸν αὐτοῖς, ὁρᾶν παιομένους τε καὶ διαπληκτιζομένους ἀνθρώπους καὶ πρὸς τὴν γῆν ἀραττομένους καὶ συντριβομένους ὑπʼ ἀλλήλων. §12Σόλων
εἰ καιρὸς ἦν, ὦ Ἀνάχαρσι, Ὀλυμπίων ἢ Ἰσθμίων ἢ Παναθηναίων, αὐτὸ ἄν σε τὸ γιγνόμενον ἐδίδαξεν ὡς οὐ μάτην ἐσπουδάκαμεν ἐπὶ τούτοις.
For I cannot yet understand what the pleasure is for them, to see men being beaten and struggling and being dashed to the ground and crushed by one another." Solon: "If it were the season, Anacharsis, of the Olympic, Isthmian, or Panathenaic games, the very thing happening would have taught you that we have not been eager for these things in vain.
οὐ γὰρ οὕτω λέγων ἄν τις προσβιβάσειέν σε τῇ ἡδονῇ τῶν ἐκεῖ δρωμένων, ὡς εἰ καθεζόμενος αὐτὸς ἐν μέσοις τοῖς θεαταῖς βλέποις ἀρετὰς ἀνδρῶν καὶ κάλλη σωμάτων καὶ εὐεξίας θαυμαστὰς καὶ ἐμπειρίας δεινὰς καὶ ἰσχὺν ἄμαχον καὶ τόλμαν καὶ φιλοτιμίαν καὶ γνώμας ἀηττήτους καὶ σπουδὴν ἄλεκτον ὑπὲρ τῆς νίκης.
For one could not by speaking in this way win you over to the pleasure of what is done there, as if you yourself, sitting in the midst of the spectators, should see the virtues of men, the beauty of their bodies, their wonderful condition, their formidable skill, their invincible strength, their courage, their ambition, their undefeated spirits, and their unspeakable zeal for victory.
εὖ γὰρ δὴ οἶδα ὡς οὐκ ἂν ἐπαύσω ἐπαινῶν καὶ ἐπιβοῶν καὶ ἐπικροτῶν.
For I know well that you would not stop praising and shouting and applauding."