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Lucian · The Double Indictment or Trials by Jury §1-2

Zeus's Grievance on the Enduring Labors of the Gods

Passage 1 of 12 · Greek

Summary

Zeus denies the philosophers' claim that the gods are happy, describing how he and the other gods are endlessly busy and laboring on behalf of humans.

§1Ζεύς ἀλλʼ ἐπιτριβεῖεν ὁπόσοι τῶν φιλοσόφων παρὰ μόνοις τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν φασὶν εἶναι τοῖς θεοῖς.
Zeus To hell with all those philosophers who say that happiness belongs to the gods alone!
εἰ γοῦν ᾔδεσαν ὁπόσα τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἕνεκα πάσχομεν, οὐκ ἂν ἡμᾶς τοῦ νέκταρος ἢ τῆς ἀμβροσίας ἐμακάριζον Ὁμήρῳ πιστεύσαντες ἀνδρὶ τυφλῷ καὶ γόητι, μάκαρας ἡμᾶς καλοῦντι καὶ τὰ ἐν οὐρανῷ διηγουμένῳ, ὃς οὐδὲ τὰ ἐν τῇ γῇ καθορᾶν ἐδύνατο.
If they but knew what we suffer on account of men, they would not have deemed us happy for our nectar or ambrosia, trusting in Homer, a blind man and a charlatan, who calls us blessed and narrates the things in heaven, though he could not even see what was on earth.
αὐτίκα γέ τοι ὁ μὲν Ἥλιος οὑτοσὶ ζευξάμενος τὸ ἅρμα πανήμερος τὸν οὐρανὸν περιπολεῖ πῦρ ἐνδεδυκὼς καὶ τῶν ἀκτίνων ἀποστίλβων, οὐδʼ ὅσον κνήσασθαι τὸ οὖς, φασί, σχολὴν ἄγων· ἢν γάρ τι κἂν ὀλίγον ἐπιρρᾳθυμήσας λάθῃ, ἀφηνιάσαντες οἱ ἵπποι καὶ τῆς ὁδοῦ παρατραπόμενοι κατέφλεξαν τὰ πάντα.
For instance, Helios here, having yoked his chariot, patrols the heavens all day long, clothed in fire and flashing with rays, having, as they say, not even leisure enough to scratch his ear; for if he should grow careless even for a little while and go unnoticed, his horses, becoming unruly and turning aside from the path, would burn up everything.
ἡ Σελήνη δὲ ἄγρυπνος καὶ αὐτὴ περίεισιν φαίνουσα τοῖς κωμάζουσιν καὶ τοῖς ἀωρὶ ἀπὸ τῶν δείπνων ἐπανιοῦσιν.
And Selene, sleepless herself, goes around shining for the revellers and for those returning late from dinners.
ὁ Ἀπόλλων τε αὖ πολυπράγμονα τὴν τέχνην ἐπανελόμενος ὀλίγου δεῖν τὰ ὦτα ἐκκεκώφηται πρὸς τῶν ἐνοχλούντων κατὰ χρείαν τῆς μαντικῆς, καὶ ἄρτι μὲν αὐτῷ ἐν Δελφοῖς ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι, μετʼ ὀλίγον δὲ εἰς Κολοφῶνα θεῖ, κἀκεῖθεν εἰς Ξάνθον μεταβαίνει καὶ δρομαῖος αὖθις εἰς Δῆλον ἢ εἰς Βραγχίδας·
And Apollo, too, having taken up a very troublesome art, has been almost deafened by those who annoy him with their need for prophecy; at one moment he must be at Delphi, and a moment later he runs to Colophon, and from there he moves to Xanthus, and runs back again to Delos or to Branchidae.
καὶ ὅλως ἔνθα ἂν ἡ πρόμαντις πιοῦσα τοῦ ἱεροῦ νάματος καὶ μασησαμένη τῆς δάφνης καὶ τὸν τρίποδα διασείσασα κελεύῃ παρεῖναι, ἄοκνον χρὴ αὐτίκα μάλα παρεστάναι συνείροντα τοὺς χρησμοὺς ἢ οἴχεσθαί οἱ τὴν δόξαν τῆς τέχνης.
In short, wherever the prophetess, having drunk of the sacred stream and chewed the laurel and shaken the tripod, bids him be present, he must at once stand by her without hesitation, weaving his oracles, or else the reputation of his art is gone.
ἐῶ γὰρ λέγειν ὁπόσα ἐπὶ πείρᾳ τῆς μαντικῆς ἐπιτεχνῶνται αὐτῷ ἄρνεια κρέα καὶ χελώνας εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ ἕψοντες, ὥστε εἰ μὴ τὴν ῥῖνα ὀξὺς ἦν, κἂν ἀπῆλθεν αὐτοῦ ὁ Λυδὸς καταγελῶν.
I pass over all the tricks they play on him to test his prophetic power, boiling mutton and tortoise together, so that if his nose had not been sharp, the Lydian would have gone away laughing at him.
ὁ μὲν γὰρ Ἀσκληπιὸς ὑπὸ τῶν νοσούντων ἐνοχλούμενος ὁρῇ τε δεινὰ θιγγάνει τε ἀηδέων ἐπʼ ἀλλοτρίῃσί τε συμφορῇσιν ἰδίας καρποῦται λύπας.
And Asclepius, annoyed by the sick, sees dreadful sights, touches unpleasant things, and from others' misfortunes reaps sorrows of his own.
τί γὰρ ἂν ἢ τοὺς Ἀνέμους φυτουργοῦντας λέγοιμι καὶ παραπέμποντας τὰ πλοῖα καὶ τοῖς λικμῶσιν ἐπιπνέοντας, ἢ τὸν Ὕπνον ἐπὶ πάντας πετόμενον, ἢ τὸν Ὄνειρον μετὰ τοῦ Ὕπνου διανυκτερεύοντα καὶ ὑποφητεύοντα αὐτῷ;
Why indeed should I speak of the Winds, who nurture plants, escort ships, and blow upon those who winnow; or of Sleep, who flies over all, or of Dream, who spends the night with Sleep and acts as his interpreter?
πάντα γὰρ ταῦτα ὑπὸ φιλανθρωπίας οἱ θεοὶ πονοῦσιν, πρὸς τὸν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς βίον ἕκαστος συντελοῦντες.
For the gods undergo all these labors out of benevolence, each contributing to the life on earth.
§2Ζεύς καίτοι τὰ μὲν τῶν ἄλλων μέτρια· ἐγὼ δὲ αὐτὸς ὁ πάντων βασιλεὺς καὶ πατὴρ ὅσας μὲν ἀηδίας ἀνέχομαι, ὅσα δὲ πράγματα ἔχω πρὸς τοσαύτας φροντίδας διῃρημένος·
Zeus And yet, the affairs of the others are moderate; but I myself, the king and father of all, how many annoyances do I endure, how many troubles do I have, distracted as I am by so many cares!
ᾧ πρῶτα μὲν τὰ τῶν ἄλλων θεῶν ἔργα ἐπισκοπεῖν ἀναγκαῖον ὁπόσοι τι ἡμῖν συνδιαπράττουσι τῆς ἀρχῆς, ὡς μὴ βλακεύωσιν ἐν αὐτοῖς, ἔπειτα δὲ καὶ αὐτῷ μυρία ἄττα πράττειν καὶ σχεδὸν ἀνέφικτα ὑπὸ λεπτότητος·
For whom it is necessary first to oversee the works of the other gods, as many as share in our rule, so that they do not grow lazy in them, and then also to do thousands of other things myself, almost impossible to reach on account of their subtlety.
οὐ γὰρ μόνον τὰ κεφάλαια ταῦτα τῆς διοικήσεως, ὑετοὺς καὶ χαλάζας καὶ πνεύματα καὶ ἀστραπὰς αὐτὸς οἰκονομησάμενος καὶ διατάξας πέπαυμαι τῶν ἐπὶ μέρους φροντίδων ἀπηλλαγμένος, ἀλλά με δεῖ καὶ ταῦτα μὲν ποιεῖν ἀποβλέπειν δὲ κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν χρόνον ἁπανταχόσε καὶ πάντα ἐπισκοπεῖν ὥσπερ τὸν ἐν τῇ Νεμέᾳ βουκόλον, τοὺς κλέπτοντας, τοὺς ἐπιορκοῦντας, τοὺς θύοντας, εἴ τις ἔσπεισε, πόθεν ἡ κνῖσα καὶ ὁ καπνὸς ἀνέρχεται, τίς νοσῶν ἢ πλέων ἐκάλεσεν, καὶ τὸ πάντων ἐπιπονώτατον, ὑφʼ ἕνα καιρὸν ἔν τε Ὀλυμπίᾳ τῇ ἑκατόμβῃ παρεῖναι καὶ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι τοὺς πολεμοῦντας ἐπισκοπεῖν καὶ ἐν Γέταις χαλαζᾶν καὶ ἐν Αἰθίοψιν εὐωχεῖσθαι.
For I have not, by merely managing and arranging these chief matters of administration—rains, hailstorms, winds, and lightnings—ceased from my labors, freed from detailed cares; but I must both do these and at the same time look in every direction and oversee everything like the cowherd in Nemea: those who steal, those who swear falsely, those who sacrifice, whether anyone has poured a libation, whence the savor of burnt offering and smoke arise, who being sick or sailing has called upon me, and, most laborious of all, at one and the same time to be present at the hecatomb in Olympia, to oversee those fighting in Babylon, to pour hail upon the Getai, and to feast among the Ethiopians.
τὸ δὲ μεμψίμοιρον οὐδὲ οὕτω διαφυγεῖν ῥᾴδιον, ἀλλὰ πολλάκις οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι θεοί τε καὶ ἀνέρες ἱπποκορυσταὶ εὕδουσι παννύχιοι, τὸν Δία δὲ ἐμὲ οὐκ ἔχει νήδυμος ὕπνος· ἢν γάρ τί που καὶ μικρὸν ἐπινυστάσωμεν, ἀληθὴς εὐθὺς ὁ Ἐπίκουρος, ἀπρονοήτους ἡμᾶς ἀποφαίνων τῶν ἐπὶ γῆς πραγμάτων.
Yet even so, it is not easy to escape finding fault; on the contrary, often "the other gods and helmeted men sleep all night long, but sweet sleep does not hold me, Zeus." For if we doze off even a little, Epicurus is immediately proved right, showing us to be thoughtless of affairs on earth.
καὶ ὁ κίνδυνος οὐκ εὐκαταφρόνητος εἰ ταῦτα οἱ ἄνθρωποι πιστεύσουσιν αὐτῷ, ἀλλʼ ἀστεφάνωτοι μὲν ἡμῖν οἱ ναοὶ ἔσονται, ἀκνίσωτοι δὲ αἱ ἀγυιαί, ἄσπονδοι δὲ οἱ κρατῆρες, ψυχροὶ δὲ οἱ βωμοί, καὶ ὅλως ἄθυτα καὶ ἀκαλλιέρητα πάντα καὶ ὁ λιμὸς πολύς.
And the danger is not to be despised if men believe him; our temples will be uncrowned, our streets without the savor of fat, our bowls without libation, our altars cold, and in short all things will be without sacrifice or auspicious offerings, and a great famine will ensue.
τοιγαροῦν ὥσπερ οἱ κυβερνῆται ὑψηλὸς μόνος ἐπὶ τῆς πρύμνης ἕστηκα τὸ πηδάλιον ἔχων ἐν ταῖν χεροῖν, καὶ οἱ μὲν ἐπιβάται μεθύοντες εἰ τύχοι ἐγκαθεύδουσιν, ἐγὼ δὲ ἄγρυπνος καὶ ἄσιτος ὑπὲρ ἁπάντων μερμηρίζω κατὰ φρένα καὶ κατὰ θυμὸν μόνῳ τῷ δεσπότης εἶναι δοκεῖν τετιμημένος.
Therefore, like helmsmen, I stand alone high upon the stern with the rudder in my hands, and while the passengers, as it happens, sleep drunk, I, sleepless and foodless, on behalf of all, brood in mind and heart, honored only with the reputation of being the master.

Notes

  1. §1ἀλλʼ ἐπιτριβεῖεν ὁπόσοι τῶν φιλοσόφων — The optative `ἐπιτριβεῖεν` (aorist optative third-person plural) functions here as a curse ("may they perish!"). `ὁπόσοι τῶν φιλοσόφων` uses the relative adjective `ὁπόσοι` with a partitive genitive to mean "as many of the philosophers as...".
  2. §1εἰ γοῦν ᾔδεσαν ... οὐκ ἂν ἡμᾶς ... ἐμακάριζον — This is a present contrafactual conditional sentence, using the past indicative (`ᾔδεσαν` and `ἐμακάριζον`) with `ἄν` in the apodosis. It translates to: "If they knew... they would not have deemed us happy..." (implying they do not know and therefore do).
  3. §1οὐδʼ ὅσον κνήσασθαι τὸ οὖς — An idiomatic expression meaning "not even as much as to scratch one's ear," i.e., no leisure at all. `ὅσον` introduces the infinitive `κνήσασθαι` indicating degree, operating as a ellipsis of a phrase like `τοσοῦτον χρόνον ὅσον`.
  4. §2ᾧ πρῶτα μὲν τὰ τῶν ἄλλων θεῶν ἔργα ἐπισκοπεῖν ἀναγκαῖον — The relative pronoun `ᾧ` is in the dative case (dative of reference/interest) depending on the impersonal phrase `ἀναγκαῖον [ἐστί]` ("it is necessary [for whom]"). The structure is "for whom it is necessary first to oversee...".
  5. §2μόνῳ τῷ δεσπότης εἶναι δοκεῖν τετιμημένος — `τῷ ... δοκεῖν` is an articular infinitive in the dative of cause or means ("by appearing to..."). The noun `δεσπότης` is the predicate of `εἶναι` and stands in the nominative (rather than the accusative) because it refers back to the subject of the main clause (Zeus himself).

Cite this passage

Lucian, The Double Indictment or Trials by Jury §1-2. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0062.tlg026.humanitext-grc2:1-2

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