§5.40.1λείπεται δʼ ἡμῖν εἰπεῖν περὶ τῶν Τυρρηνῶν.
It remains for us to speak of the Tyrrhenians.
οὗτοι γὰρ τὸ μὲν παλαιὸν ἀνδρείᾳ διενεγκόντες χώραν πολλὴν κατεκτήσαντο καὶ πόλεις ἀξιολόγους καὶ πολλὰς ἔκτισαν.
For these people, having excelled in courage in ancient times, acquired much territory and founded many notable cities.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ναυτικαῖς δυνάμεσιν ἰσχύσαντες καὶ πολλοὺς χρόνους θαλαττοκρατήσαντες τὸ μὲν παρὰ τὴν Ἰταλίαν πέλαγος ἀφʼ ἑαυτῶν ἐποίησαν Τυρρηνικὸν προσαγορευθῆναι, τὰ δὲ κατὰ τὰς πεζὰς δυνάμεις ἐκπονήσαντες τήν τε σάλπιγγα λεγομένην ἐξεῦρον, εὐχρηστοτάτην μὲν εἰς τοὺς πολέμους, ἀπʼ ἐκείνων δʼ ὀνομασθεῖσαν Τυρρηνήν, τό τε περὶ τοὺς ἡγουμένους στρατηγοὺς ἀξίωμα κατεσκεύασαν, περιθέντες τοῖς ἡγουμένοις ῥαβδούχους καὶ δίφρον ἐλεφάντινον καὶ περιπόρφυρον τήβενναν, ἔν τε ταῖς οἰκίαις τὰ περίστῳα πρὸς τὰς τῶν θεραπευόντων ὄχλων ταραχὰς ἐξεῦρον εὐχρηστίαν·
Likewise, having been strong in naval forces and having ruled the sea for a long time, they caused the sea adjacent to Italy to be called the Tyrrhenian after themselves; and having perfected the matters concerning land forces, they invented the so-called trumpet, which is extremely useful in wars and was named Tyrrhenian after them. They also established the dignity of the generals who lead them, investing their leaders with lictors, an ivory chair, and a purple-bordered toga, and in their houses they invented the convenience of peristyles to cope with the disturbances of the crowds of servants.
ὧν τὰ πλεῖστα Ῥωμαῖοι μιμησάμενοι καὶ πρὸς τὸ κάλλιον αὐξήσαντες μετήνεγκαν ἐπὶ τὴν ἰδίαν πολιτείαν.
Most of these things the Romans imitated and, having improved them to greater beauty, transferred to their own state.
§5.40.2γράμματα δὲ καὶ φυσιολογίαν καὶ θεολογίαν ἐξεπόνησαν ἐπὶ πλέον, καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν κεραυνοσκοπίαν μάλιστα πάντων ἀνθρώπων ἐξειργάσαντο· διὸ καὶ μέχρι τῶν νῦν χρόνων οἱ τῆς οἰκουμένης σχεδὸν ὅλης ἡγούμενοι θαυμάζουσί τε τοὺς ἄνδρας καὶ κατὰ τὰς ἐν τοῖς κεραυνοῖς διοσημείας τούτοις ἐξηγηταῖς χρῶνται.
They also perfected letters, natural philosophy, and theology to a higher degree, and worked out the science of observing lightning above all other men; for which reason, even down to the present time, those who rule over almost the entire inhabited world marvel at these men and employ them as interpreters in regard to the portents shown in lightning.
§5.40.3χώραν δὲ νεμόμενοι πάμφορον, καὶ ταύτην ἐξεργαζόμενοι, καρπῶν ἀφθονίαν ἔχουσιν οὐ μόνον πρὸς τὴν ἀρκοῦσαν διατροφήν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς ἀπόλαυσιν δαψιλῆ καὶ τρυφὴν ἀνήκουσαν.
And since they inhabit a land that produces every kind of crop, and cultivate it, they possess an abundance of fruits not only for sufficient sustenance, but also for lavish enjoyment and excessive luxury.
παρατίθενται γὰρ δὶς τῆς ἡμέρας τραπέζας πολυτελεῖς καὶ τἄλλα τὰ πρὸς τὴν ὑπερβάλλουσαν τρυφὴν οἰκεῖα, στρωμνὰς μὲν ἀνθεινὰς κατασκευάζοντες, ἐκπωμάτων δʼ ἀργυρῶν παντοδαπῶν πλῆθος καὶ τῶν διακονούντων οἰκετῶν οὐκ ὀλίγον ἀριθμὸν ἡτοιμακότες· καὶ τούτων οἱ μὲν εὐπρεπείᾳ διαφέροντές εἰσιν, οἱ δʼ ἐσθῆσι πολυτελεστέραις ἢ κατὰ δουλικὴν ἀξίαν κεκόσμηνται.
For they set out luxurious tables twice a day and other things appropriate to excessive luxury, preparing colorful beddings, and having ready a multitude of silver drinking cups of all kinds and a not inconsiderable number of domestic servants to wait upon them; and of these servants, some excel in comeliness, while others are adorned with garments more costly than befits the status of a slave.
§5.40.4οἰκήσεις τε παντοδαπὰς ἰδιαζούσας ἔχουσι παρʼ αὐτοῖς οὐ μόνον οἱ θεράποντες, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἐλευθέρων οἱ πλείους.
And among them, not only the servants but also most of the free men have all kinds of private dwellings.
καθόλου δὲ τὴν μὲν ἐκ παλαιῶν χρόνων παρʼ αὐτοῖς ζηλουμένην ἀλκὴν ἀποβεβλήκασιν, ἐν πότοις δὲ καὶ ῥᾳθυμίαις ἀνάνδροις βιοῦντες οὐκ ἀλόγως τὴν τῶν πατέρων δόξαν ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις ἀποβεβλήκασι.
In general, however, they have lost the vigor that was emulated among them since ancient times, and living as they do in drinking bouts and unmanly idleness, it is not without reason that they have lost the glory of their fathers in wars.
§5.40.5συνεβάλετο δʼ αὐτοῖς πρὸς τὴν τρυφὴν οὐκ ἐλάχιστον καὶ ἡ τῆς χώρας ἀρετή· πάμφορον γὰρ καὶ παντελῶς εὔγειον νεμόμενοι παντὸς καρποῦ πλῆθος ἀποθησαυρίζουσιν.
And that which contributed not least to their luxury was also the excellence of their land; for inhabiting a land that produces everything and is utterly fertile, they store up an abundance of every kind of crop.
καθόλου γὰρ ἡ Τυρρηνία παντελῶς εὔγειος οὖσα πεδίοις ἀναπεπταμένοις ἐγκάθηται καὶ βουνοειδέσιν ἀναστήμασι τόπων διείληπται γεωργησίμοις· ὑγρὰ δὲ μετρίως ἐστὶν οὐ μόνον κατὰ τὴν χειμερινὴν ὥραν, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τὸν τοῦ θέρους καιρόν.
For in general, Tyrrhenia, being utterly fertile, lies in open plains and is intersected by hilly elevations of land that are cultivable; and it is moderately moist not only during the winter season but also during the summer time.