Humanitext Reader

Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §5.25.1-5.25.5

Cold Climate of Galatia and Its Freezing Rivers

Passage 347 of 406 · Greek

Summary

On the geography, climate, and rivers of Galatia (Celtica). The author describes the freezing winters that turn rivers into natural bridges, and introduces major rivers such as the Rhone, the Danube, and the Rhine, the latter of which was bridged by Caesar.

§5.25.1ἐπεὶ δὲ περὶ τῆς τῶν Γαλατῶν προσηγορίας διήλθομεν, καὶ περὶ τῆς χώρας αὐτῶν δέον ἐστὶν εἰπεῖν.
Since we have run through the name of the Galatae, it is necessary to speak also about their land.
ἡ τοίνυν Γαλατία κατοικεῖται μὲν ὑπὸ πολλῶν ἐθνῶν διαφόρων τοῖς μεγέθεσι· τὰ μέγιστα γὰρ αὐτῶν σχεδὸν εἴκοσι μυριάδας ἀνδρῶν ἔχει, τὰ δʼ ἐλάχιστα πέντε μυριάδας, ὧν ἕν ἐστι πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἔχον συγγένειαν παλαιὰν καὶ φιλίαν τὴν μέχρι τῶν καθʼ ἡμᾶς χρόνων διαμένουσαν.
Now Galatia is inhabited by many nations differing in size; for the largest of them has almost two hundred thousand men, and the smallest fifty thousand, one of which has an ancient kinship and friendship with the Romans, which remains down to our own times.
§5.25.2κειμένη δὲ κατὰ τὸ πλεῖστον ὑπὸ τὰς ἄρκτους χειμέριός ἐστι καὶ ψυχρὰ διαφερόντως.
Lying for the most part under the north, it is exceedingly wintry and cold.
κατὰ γὰρ τὴν χειμερινὴν ὥραν ἐν ταῖς συννεφέσιν ἡμέραις ἀντὶ μὲν τῶν ὄμβρων χιόνι πολλῇ νίφεται, κατὰ δὲ τὰς αἰθρίας κρυστάλλῳ καὶ πάγοις ἐξαισίοις πλήθει, διʼ ὧν οἱ ποταμοὶ πηγνύμενοι διὰ τῆς ἰδίας φύσεως γεφυροῦνται· οὐ μόνον γὰρ οἱ τυχόντες ὁδῖται κατʼ ὀλίγους κατὰ τοῦ κρυστάλλου πορευόμενοι διαβαίνουσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ στρατοπέδων μυριάδες μετὰ σκευοφόρων καὶ ἁμαξῶν γεμουσῶν ἀσφαλῶς περαιοῦνται.
For during the winter season on cloudy days, instead of rain it snows with much snow, and on clear days it abounds with extraordinary ice and frost, by which the rivers, being frozen, are bridged over by their own nature; for not only do ordinary travelers pass over, walking upon the ice in small numbers, but also tens of thousands of armies cross safely with their beasts of burden and laden wagons.
§5.25.3πολλῶν δὲ καὶ μεγάλων ποταμῶν ῥεόντων διὰ τῆς Γαλατίας καὶ τοῖς ῥείθροις ποικίλως τὴν πεδιάδα γῆν τεμνόντων, οἱ μὲν ἐκ λιμνῶν ἀβύσσων ῥέουσιν, οἱ δʼ ἐκ τῶν ὀρῶν ἔχουσι τὰς πηγὰς καὶ τὰς ἐπιρροίας· τὴν δʼ ἐκβολὴν οἱ μὲν εἰς τὸν ὠκεανὸν ποιοῦνται, οἱ δʼ εἰς τὴν καθʼ ἡμᾶς θάλατταν.
Although many and large rivers flow through Galatia and cut the plain land in various ways with their streams, some flow out of bottomless lakes, and others have their sources and tributaries from the mountains; and some make their outlet into the ocean, and others into our own sea.
§5.25.4μέγιστος δʼ ἐστὶ τῶν εἰς τὸ καθʼ ἡμᾶς πέλαγος ῥεόντων ὁ Ῥοδανός, τὰς μὲν πηγὰς ἔχων ἐν τοῖς Ἀλπείοις ὄρεσι, πέντε δὲ στόμασιν ἐξερευγόμενος εἰς τὴν θάλατταν.
The greatest of those flowing into our sea is the Rhone, having its sources in the Alps, and discharging into the sea by five mouths.
τῶν δʼ εἰς τὸν ὠκεανὸν ῥεόντων μέγιστοι δοκοῦσιν ὑπάρχειν ὅ τε Δανούβιος καὶ ὁ Ῥῆνος, ὃν ἐν τοῖς καθʼ ἡμᾶς χρόνοις Καῖσαρ ὁ κληθεὶς θεὸς ἔζευξε παραδόξως, καὶ περαιώσας πεζῇ τὴν δύναμιν ἐχειρώσατο τοὺς πέραν κατοικοῦντας αὐτοῦ Γαλάτας.
Of those flowing into the ocean, the greatest are considered to be the Danube and the Rhine, which latter in our times Caesar, who was called god, bridged in a marvelous manner, and having crossed with his land forces, subdued the Galatae living beyond it.
§5.25.5πολλοὶ δὲ καὶ ἄλλοι πλωτοὶ ποταμοὶ κατὰ τὴν Κελτικήν εἰσι, περὶ ὧν μακρὸν ἂν εἴη γράφειν.
There are also many other navigable rivers in Celtica, about which it would be long to write.
πάντες δὲ σχεδὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ πάγου πηγνύμενοι γεφυροῦσι τὰ ῥεῖθρα, καὶ τοῦ κρυστάλλου διὰ τὴν φυσικὴν λειότητα ποιοῦντος τοὺς διαβαίνοντας ὀλισθάνειν, ἀχύρων ἐπιβαλλομένων ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς ἀσφαλῆ τὴν διάβασιν ἔχουσιν.
Almost all of them, being frozen by the ice, bridge over their streams, and since the ice, because of its natural slipperiness, causes those who cross to slip, they have a safe passage when straw is thrown upon it.

Notes

  1. §5.25.1ὧν ἕν ἐστι πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἔχον — The relative pronoun ὧν is a partitive genitive referring back to the preceding 'many nations' (πολλῶν ἐθνῶν). The present participle ἔχον is in the neuter singular to agree with the subject ἕν.
  2. §5.25.2ὑπὸ τὰς ἄρκτους — Literally 'under the Bears' (Ursa Major and Minor), a standard classical Greek geographical expression meaning 'in the north' or 'under the northern sky.'
  3. §5.25.4ὃν ἐν τοῖς καθʼ ἡμᾶς χρόνοις — Although both the Danube (Δανούβιος) and the Rhine (Ῥῆνος) are mentioned as subjects just before, the relative pronoun ὃν is masculine accusative singular, referring only to the closer antecedent, the Rhine. 'Caesar, who was called god' (Καῖσαρ ὁ κληθεὶς θεὸς) translates the Latin 'Divus Iulius.'
  4. §5.25.5τοῦ κρυστάλλου ... ποιοῦντος ... ἀχύρων ἐπιβαλλομένων — Two genitive absolute constructions (τοῦ κρυστάλλου... ποιοῦντος and ἀχύρων ἐπιβαλλομένων) occur in succession; the first expresses cause (because the ice causes slipping), and the second expresses condition or circumstance (when straw is thrown upon it). The participle ποιοῦντος takes the accusative and infinitive to express causation ('causing them to slip').

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §5.25.1-5.25.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc5:5.25.1-5.25.5

Please note the AI-draft status of the translation and the date accessed.

Translation, notes and summary are AI-generated drafts, revised through reader feedback.