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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §4.9.1-4.9.7

The Lineage, Birth, and Infancy of Heracles

Passage 245 of 406 · Greek

Summary

On the divine lineage of Heracles, the deception of Zeus and jealousy of Hera surrounding his birth, and the anecdote of his infancy where he gained strength by suckling Hera's breast.

§4.9.1τῆς Ἀκρισίου τοίνυν Δανάης καὶ Διός φασι γενέσθαι Περσέα· τούτῳ δὲ μιγεῖσαν τὴν Κηφέως Ἀνδρομέδαν Ἠλεκτρύωνα γεννῆσαι, ἔπειτα τούτῳ τὴν Πέλοπος Εὐρυδίκην συνοικήσασαν Ἀλκμήνην τεκνῶσαι, καὶ ταύτῃ Δία μιγέντα διʼ ἀπάτης Ἡρακλέα γεννῆσαι.
Now, they say that Perseus was born of Danae, the daughter of Acrisius, and Zeus; and that Andromeda, the daughter of Cepheus, having mingled with him, gave birth to Electryon, and then Eurydice, the daughter of Pelops, having lived with him as wife, gave birth to Alcmene, and Zeus, having mingled with her by deceit, begot Heracles.
§4.9.2τὴν μὲν οὖν ὅλην τοῦ γένους ῥίζαν ἀπʼ ἀμφοτέρων τῶν γονέων εἰς τὸν μέγιστον τῶν θεῶν ἀναφέρειν λέγεται τὸν εἰρημένον τρόπον.
Thus, it is said that he traces the whole root of his lineage from both parents to the greatest of the gods in the manner described.
τὴν δὲ γεγενημένην περὶ αὐτὸν ἀρετὴν οὐκ ἐν ταῖς πράξεσι θεωρηθῆναι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸ τῆς γενέσεως γινώσκεσθαι.
And that the virtue that came to be in him was not only to be observed in his deeds, but was also known before his birth.
τὸν γὰρ Δία μισγόμενον Ἀλκμήνῃ τριπλασίαν τὴν νύκτα ποιῆσαι, καὶ τῷ πλήθει τοῦ πρὸς τὴν παιδοποιίαν ἀναλωθέντος χρόνου προσημῆναι τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς τοῦ γεννηθησομένου ῥώμης.
For Zeus, when mingling with Alcmene, made the night threefold in length, and by the abundance of the time spent on the procreation, foreshadowed the excess of the strength of him who was to be born.
§4.9.3καθόλου δὲ τὴν ὁμιλίαν ταύτην οὐκ ἐρωτικῆς ἐπιθυμίας ἕνεκα ποιήσασθαι, καθάπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων γυναικῶν, ἀλλὰ τὸ πλέον τῆς παιδοποιίας χάριν.
And in general, he made this intercourse not for the sake of erotic desire, as in the case of other women, but more for the sake of procreation.
διὸ καὶ βουλόμενον τὴν ἐπιπλοκὴν νόμιμον ποιήσασθαι βιάσασθαι μὲν μὴ βουληθῆναι, πεῖσαι δʼ οὐδαμῶς ἐλπίζειν διὰ τὴν σωφροσύνην· τὴν ἀπάτην οὖν προκρίναντα διὰ ταύτης παρακρούσασθαι τὴν Ἀλκμήνην, Ἀμφιτρύωνι κατὰ πᾶν ὁμοιωθέντα.
Therefore, although wishing to make the intercourse lawful, he did not wish to use force, yet had no hope of persuading her because of her chastity; so, choosing deceit, he deceived Alcmene through this, having made himself in every way like Amphitryon.
§4.9.4διελθόντος δὲ τοῦ κατὰ φύσιν χρόνου ταῖς ἐγκύοις, τὸν μὲν Δία πρὸς τὴν Ἡρακλέους γένεσιν ἐνεχθέντα τῇ διανοίᾳ προειπεῖν παρόντων ἁπάντων τῶν θεῶν ὅτι τὸν κατʼ ἐκείνην τὴν ἡμέραν Περσειδῶν γεννώμενον ποιήσει βασιλέα, τὴν δʼ Ἥραν ζηλοτυποῦσαν καὶ συνεργὸν ἔχουσαν Εἰλείθυιαν τὴν θυγατέρα, τῆς μὲν Ἀλκμήνης παρακατασχεῖν τὰς ὠδῖνας, τὸν δʼ Εὐρυσθέα πρὸ τοῦ καθήκοντος χρόνου πρὸς τὸ φῶς ἀγαγεῖν.
And when the natural time for pregnant women had elapsed, Zeus, carried away in his mind toward the birth of Heracles, declared in the presence of all the gods that he would make the one of the descendants of Perseus born on that day king; but Hera, being jealous and having her daughter Eileithyia as helper, delayed the birth-pains of Alcmene, and brought Eurystheus to the light before the proper time.
§4.9.5τὸν δὲ Δία καταστρατηγηθέντα βουληθῆναι τήν τε ὑπόσχεσιν βεβαιῶσαι καὶ τῆς Ἡρακλέους ἐπιφανείας προνοηθῆναι· διό φασιν αὐτὸν τὴν μὲν Ἥραν πεῖσαι συγχωρῆσαι βασιλέα μὲν ὑπάρξαι κατὰ τὴν ἰδίαν ὑπόσχεσιν Εὐρυσθέα, τὸν δʼ Ἡρακλέα τεταγμένον ὑπὸ τὸν Εὐρυσθέα τελέσαι δώδεκα ἄθλους οὓς ἂν ὁ Εὐρυσθεὺς προστάξῃ, καὶ τοῦτο πράξαντα τυχεῖν τῆς ἀθανασίας.
But Zeus, having been outgeneraled, wished both to confirm his promise and to provide for the future renown of Heracles; therefore, they say that he persuaded Hera to agree that Eurystheus indeed should be king according to his own promise, but that Heracles, ordered under Eurystheus, should perform twelve labors which Eurystheus might command, and having done this, should obtain immortality.
§4.9.6Ἀλκμήνη δὲ τεκοῦσα καὶ φοβηθεῖσα τὴν τῆς Ἥρας ζηλοτυπίαν, ἐξέθηκε τὸ βρέφος εἰς τὸν τόπον ὃς νῦν ἀπʼ ἐκείνου καλεῖται πεδίον Ἡράκλειον. καθʼ ὃν δὴ χρόνον Ἀθηνᾶ μετὰ τῆς Ἥρας προσιοῦσα, καὶ θαυμάσασα τοῦ παιδίου τὴν φύσιν, συνέπεισε τὴν Ἥραν ὑποσχεῖν τὴν θηλήν.
But Alcmene, having given birth and being afraid of Hera's jealousy, exposed the infant in the place which is now called after him "the Plain of Heracles." At which very time, Athena, coming along with Hera, and having marveled at the natural vigor of the child, persuaded Hera to offer her breast.
τοῦ δὲ παιδὸς ὑπὲρ τὴν ἡλικίαν βιαιότερον ἐπισπασαμένου τὴν θηλήν, ἡ μὲν Ἥρα διαλγήσασα τὸ βρέφος ἔρριψεν, Ἀθηνᾶ δὲ κομίσασα αὐτὸ πρὸς τὴν μητέρα τρέφειν παρεκελεύσατο.
But when the child drew the breast more violently than was to be expected for his age, Hera, being in great pain, cast the infant away, but Athena, having carried him to his mother, urged her to nurse him.
§4.9.7θαυμάσαι δʼ ἄν τις εἰκότως τὸ τῆς περιπετείας παράδοξον· ἡ μὲν γὰρ στέργειν ὀφείλουσα μήτηρ τὸ ἴδιον τέκνον ἀπώλλυεν, ἡ δὲ μητρυιᾶς ἔχουσα μῖσος διʼ ἄγνοιαν ἔσωζε τὸ τῇ φύσει πολέμιον.
And one might reasonably wonder at the unexpectedness of this turn of events; for the mother, who ought to love her own child, was trying to destroy it, while she who had the hatred of a stepmother, out of ignorance, was saving the one who was by nature her enemy.

Notes

  1. 4.9.2ἀναφέρειν λέγεται — The subject of the infinitive ἀναφέρειν governed by λέγεται ('it is said') is Heracles, who is omitted from the context. It is interpreted as 'Heracles is said to trace the whole root of his lineage...'. While it is grammatically possible to take the infinitive actively with an indefinite subject ('people trace...'), it is more natural to assume Heracles himself as the subject, following the presentation of his genealogy in the previous sentence.
  2. 4.9.3βουλόμενον — This accusative masculine singular participle, like the subsequent participles προκρίναντα and ὁμοιωθέντα, agrees with Zeus, the subject of the accusative-and-infinitive construction, who is omitted in the clause. It forms a contrasting chain of participles and infinitives: βουλόμενον... βουληθῆναι ('although wishing... he did not wish').
  3. 4.9.4ποιήσει — This is a future indicative in the ὅτι-clause introducing indirect discourse. In a subordinate clause depending on a past tense verb in the main narrative (προειπεῖν), the original tense of the speaker (future indicative) is preserved instead of being changed into the optative.
  4. 4.9.5τεταγμένον ὑπὸ τὸν Εὐρυσθέα — The preposition ὑπό with the accusative indicates being placed under the authority, command, or control of Eurystheus. Combined with the participle τεταγμένον (perfect passive participle of τάττω), it means 'having been ordered under Eurystheus' or 'placed under his command'.
  5. 4.9.7ἀπώλλυεν — The imperfect ἀπώλλυεν (imperfect of ἀπόλλυμι) functions as a 'conative imperfect', expressing an attempted but unaccomplished action. It is interpreted as 'was trying to destroy' or 'attempted to do away with' (although she did not succeed in killing him), contrasted with the subsequent rescue (ἔσωζε).

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §4.9.1-4.9.7. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc5:4.9.1-4.9.7

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