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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §4.38.1-4.38.5

Death on Mount Oite and Apotheosis of Heracles

Passage 274 of 406 · Greek

Summary

Heracles falls into agony due to a poison-smeared tunic, and in accordance with an oracle, prepares his own cremation on Mount Oite. Philoctetes lights the pyre and receives the bow, after which Heracles disappears amid lightning and is deified.

§4.38.1ἐνταῦθα δὲ θυσίαν ἐπιτελῶν ἀπέστειλε Λίχαν τὸν ὑπηρέτην εἰς Τραχῖνα πρὸς τὴν γυναῖκα Δηιάνειραν· τούτῳ δὲ προστεταγμένον ἦν αἰτῆσαι χιτῶνα καὶ ἱμάτιον, οἷς εἰώθει χρῆσθαι πρὸς τὰς θυσίας.
There, while performing a sacrifice, he dispatched Lichas his servant to Trachis to his wife Deianira; and to this man it had been commanded to ask for a tunic and a cloak, which he was accustomed to use for the sacrifices.
ἡ δὲ Δηιάνειρα πυθομένη τοῦ Λίχα τὴν πρὸς Ἰόλην φιλοστοργίαν καὶ βουλομένη πλέον ἑαυτὴν ἀγαπᾶσθαι, τὸν χιτῶνα ἔχρισε τῷ παρὰ τοῦ Κενταύρου δεδομένῳ πρὸς ἀπώλειαν φίλτρῳ.
But Deianira, having learned from Lichas of his affection toward Iole, and wishing to be loved more herself, smeared the tunic with the love-charm given by the Centaur for his destruction.
§4.38.2ὁ μὲν οὖν Λίχας ἀγνοῶν περὶ τούτων ἀπήνεγκε τὴν ἐσθῆτα πρὸς τὴν θυσίαν· ὁ δʼ Ἡρακλῆς ἐνδὺς τὸν κεχριμένον χιτῶνα, καὶ κατʼ ὀλίγον τῆς τοῦ σηπτικοῦ φαρμάκου δυνάμεως ἐνεργούσης, περιέπεσε συμφορᾷ τῇ μεγίστῃ.
Now Lichas, being ignorant of these things, brought back the clothing for the sacrifice; but Heracles, having put on the smeared tunic, and as the power of the corrosive drug gradually became active, fell into the greatest misfortune.
τῆς γὰρ ἀκίδος τὸν ἐκ τῆς ἐχίδνης ἰὸν ἀνειληφυίας, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τοῦ χιτῶνος διὰ τὴν θερμασίαν τὴν σάρκα τοῦ σώματος λυμαινομένου, περιαλγὴς γενόμενος ὁ Ἡρακλῆς τὸν μὲν διακονήσαντα Λίχαν ἀπέκτεινε, τὸ δὲ στρατόπεδον ἀπολύσας ἐπανῆλθεν εἰς τὴν Τραχῖνα.
For since the arrow-point had absorbed the venom of the Echidna, and for this reason the tunic, because of the heat, was ravaging the flesh of his body, Heracles, becoming in extreme pain, slew Lichas who had served him, and having disbanded the camp, returned to Trachis.
§4.38.3ἀεὶ δὲ μᾶλλον τῇ νόσῳ βαρυνόμενος αὐτὸς μὲν ἀπέστειλεν εἰς Δελφοὺς Λικύμνιον καὶ Ἰόλαον ἐπερωτήσοντας τὸν Ἀπόλλωνα τί χρὴ περὶ τῆς νόσου πράττειν, Δηιάνειρα δὲ τὸ μέγεθος τῆς Ἡρακλέους συμφορᾶς καταπεπληγμένη, καὶ συνειδυῖα ἑαυτῇ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν, ἀγχόνῃ τὸν βίον κατέστρεψεν.
And being always more weighed down by the disease, he himself dispatched Licymnius and Iolaus to Delphi to inquire of Apollo what ought to be done concerning the disease, while Deianira, being struck with terror at the magnitude of Heracles' misfortune and being conscious of her own error, ended her life by hanging.
ὁ δὲ θεὸς ἔχρησε κομισθῆναι τὸν Ἡρακλέα μετὰ τῆς πολεμικῆς διασκευῆς εἰς τὴν Οἴτην, κατασκευάσαι δὲ πλησίον αὐτοῦ πυρὰν εὐμεγέθη· §4.38.4περὶ δὲ τῶν λοιπῶν ἔφησε Διὶ μελήσειν.
And the god gave an oracle that Heracles should be carried with his warlike equipment to Oite, and that a very large pyre should be prepared near him; and concerning the rest, he said it would be a care to Zeus.
τῶν δὲ περὶ τὸν Ἰόλαον ποιησάντων τὰ προστεταγμένα καὶ ἐκ διαστήματος ἀποθεωρούντων τὸ ἀποβησόμενον, ὁ μὲν Ἡρακλῆς ἀπογνοὺς τὰ καθʼ ἑαυτόν, καὶ παρελθὼν εἰς τὴν πυράν, παρεκάλει τὸν ἀεὶ προσιόντα ὑφάψαι τὴν πυράν.
And when those around Iolaus had done the things commanded and were watching from a distance what would turn out, Heracles, having despaired of his own state, and having gone up to the pyre, kept exhorting whoever approached to set fire to the pyre.
οὐδενὸς δὲ τολμῶντος ὑπακοῦσαι μόνος Φιλοκτήτης ἐπείσθη· λαβὼν δὲ τῆς ὑπουργίας χάριν τὴν τῶν τόξων δωρεὰν ἧψε τὴν πυράν.
But when no one dared to obey, Philoctetes alone was persuaded; and having received the gift of the bow in return for his service, he kindled the pyre.
εὐθὺς δὲ καὶ κεραυνῶν ἐκ τοῦ περιέχοντος πεσόντων, ἡ πυρὰ πᾶσα κατεφλέχθη.
And immediately, lightning also having fallen from the surrounding sky, the entire pyre was consumed by fire.
§4.38.5μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα οἱ μὲν περὶ τὸν Ἰόλαον ἐλθόντες ἐπὶ τὴν ὀστολογίαν, καὶ μηδὲν ὅλως ὀστοῦν εὑρόντες, ὑπέλαβον τὸν Ἡρακλέα τοῖς χρησμοῖς ἀκολούθως ἐξ ἀνθρώπων εἰς θεοὺς μεθεστάσθαι·
After these things, those around Iolaus, having come for the gathering of the bones, and having found no bone at all, supposed that Heracles, in accordance with the oracles, had passed from among men into the gods.

Notes

  1. §4.38.1τούτῳ δὲ προστεταγμένον ἦν αἰτῆσαι — The dative τούτῳ indicates the agent to whom the command was given. It is used with the impersonal perfect passive participle construction προστεταγμένον ἦν ('it had been commanded'), which takes the infinitive αἰτῆσαι as its grammatical subject.
  2. §4.38.1τοῦ Λίχα τὴν πρὸς Ἰόλην φιλοστοργίαν — The verb πυθέσθαι ('to learn') takes the source of information in the genitive (τοῦ Λίχα, 'from Lichas') and the object of learning in the accusative (τὴν ... φιλοστοργίαν). In this context, it means learning from Lichas about Heracles' affection for Iole, rather than Lichas' own affection.
  3. §4.38.2τῆς γὰρ ἀκίδος τὸν ἐκ τῆς ἐχίδνης ἰὸν ἀνειληφυίας — A genitive absolute construction using the perfect active participle ἀνειληφυίας. It presents a completed past action (the arrow-point having previously absorbed the venom of the Echidna/Hydra) as the underlying cause of the present agony.
  4. §4.38.3κομισθῆναι τὸν Ἡρακλέα — An accusative and infinitive construction serving as the object of the verb ἔχρησε ('gave an oracle'). The accusative τὸν Ἡρακλέα is the subject of the passive infinitive κομισθῆναι, meaning 'that Heracles should be carried'.
  5. §4.38.4τῶν δὲ περὶ τὸν Ἰόλαον — The idiomatic expression 'οἱ περί + accusative of a proper name' means 'someone and his companions'. Here, accompanied by the plural genitive article τῶν, it acts as the subject of the genitive absolute construction.

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §4.38.1-4.38.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc5:4.38.1-4.38.5

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