§3.12.1περὶ γὰρ τὰς ἐσχατιὰς τῆς Αἰγύπτου καὶ τῆς ὁμορούσης Ἀραβίας τε καὶ Αἰθιοπίας τόπος ἐστὶν ἔχων μέταλλα πολλὰ καὶ μεγάλα χρυσοῦ, συναγομένου πολλοῦ πολλῇ κακοπαθείᾳ τε καὶ δαπάνῃ.
For around the borderlands of Egypt and the neighboring parts of Arabia and Ethiopia, there is a place having many large mines of gold, which is gathered in large quantities with much hardship and expense.
τῆς γὰρ γῆς μελαίνης οὔσης τῇ φύσει καὶ διαφυὰς καὶ φλέβας ἐχούσης μαρμάρου τῇ λευκότητι διαφερούσας καὶ πάσας τὰς περιλαμπομένας φύσεις ὑπερβαλλούσας τῇ λαμπρότητι, οἱ προσεδρεύοντες τοῖς μεταλλικοῖς ἔργοις τῷ πλήθει τῶν ἐργαζομένων κατασκευάζουσι τὸν χρυσόν.
For since the earth is naturally black and has fissures and veins of quartz outstanding in whiteness, surpassing in brilliance all surrounding natural things, those who superintend the mining works produce the gold by means of the multitude of laborers.
§3.12.2οἱ γὰρ βασιλεῖς τῆς Αἰγύπτου τοὺς ἐπὶ κακουργίᾳ καταδικασθέντας καὶ τοὺς κατὰ πόλεμον αἰχμαλωτισθέντας, ἔτι δὲ τοὺς ἀδίκοις διαβολαῖς περιπεσόντας καὶ διὰ θυμὸν εἰς φυλακὰς παραδεδομένους, ποτὲ μὲν αὐτούς, ποτὲ δὲ καὶ μετὰ πάσης συγγενείας ἀθροίσαντες παραδιδόασι πρὸς τὴν τοῦ χρυσοῦ μεταλλείαν, ἅμα μὲν τιμωρίαν λαμβάνοντες παρὰ τῶν καταγνωσθέντων, ἅμα δὲ διὰ τῶν ἐργαζομένων μεγάλας προσόδους λαμβάνοντες.
For the kings of Egypt gather those condemned for wrongdoing and those taken prisoner in war, and furthermore those who have fallen victim to unjust slanders and have been delivered to prison through anger—sometimes themselves alone, but sometimes also along with their entire families—and hand them over to the mining of gold, at once exacting punishment from those condemned, and at the same time receiving great revenues through those who labor.
§3.12.3οἱ δὲ παραδοθέντες, πολλοὶ μὲν τὸ πλῆθος ὄντες, πάντες δὲ πέδαις δεδεμένοι, προσκαρτεροῦσι τοῖς ἔργοις συνεχῶς καὶ μεθʼ ἡμέραν καὶ δι’ ὅλης τῆς νυκτός, ἀνάπαυσιν μὲν οὐδεμίαν λαμβάνοντες, δρασμοῦ δὲ παντὸς φιλοτίμως εἰργόμενοι· φυλακαὶ γὰρ ἐκ στρατιωτῶν βαρβάρων καὶ ταῖς διαλέκτοις διαφόροις χρωμένων ἐφεστήκασιν, ὥστε μηδένα δύνασθαι διʼ ὁμιλίας ἢ φιλανθρώπου τινὸς ἐντεύξεως φθεῖραί τινα τῶν ἐπιστατούντων.
And those who have been handed over, being many in number, and all bound in fetters, work continuously at their tasks both by day and through the whole night, receiving no rest, and being strictly prevented from any escape; for guards of barbarian soldiers who speak different languages are stationed over them, so that no one can corrupt any of the overseers through conversation or any friendly encounter.
§3.12.4τῆς δὲ τὸν χρυσὸν ἐχούσης γῆς τὴν μὲν σκληροτάτην πυρὶ πολλῷ καύσαντες καὶ ποιήσαντες χαύνην προσάγουσι τὴν διὰ τῶν χειρῶν κατεργασίαν· τὴν δὲ ἀνειμένην πέτραν καὶ μετρίῳ πόνῳ δυναμένην ὑπείκειν λατομικῷ σιδήρῳ καταπονοῦσι μυριάδες ἀκληρούντων ἀνθρώπων.
And of the earth that contains the gold, they burn the hardest part with much fire and, having made it soft, apply to it manual labor; but the rock that is soft and able to yield to quarrying iron with moderate labor is broken down by myriads of unfortunate men.
§3.12.5καὶ τῆς μὲν ὅλης πραγματείας ὁ τὸν λίθον διακρίνων τεχνίτης καθηγεῖται καὶ τοῖς ἐργαζομένοις ὑποδείκνυσι· τῶν δὲ πρὸς τὴν ἀτυχίαν ταύτην ἀποδειχθέντων οἱ μὲν σώματος ῥώμῃ διαφέροντες τυπίσι σιδηραῖς τὴν μαρμαρίζουσαν πέτραν κόπτουσιν, οὐ τέχνην τοῖς ἔργοις, ἀλλὰ βίαν προσάγοντες, ὑπονόμους δὲ διακόπτοντες, οὐκ ἐπʼ εὐθείας, ἀλλʼ ὡς ἂν ἡ διάφυσις ᾖ τῆς ἀποστιλβούσης πέτρας.
And of the whole undertaking, the craftsman who distinguishes the stone leads the way and gives directions to the laborers; and of those appointed to this misfortune, those excelling in bodily strength break the quartz-bearing rock with iron hammers, applying to their work not skill but force, and cutting tunnels, not in a straight line, but wherever the vein of the gleaming rock may run.
§3.12.6οὗτοι μὲν οὖν διὰ τὰς ἐν ταῖς διώρυξι καμπὰς καὶ σκολιότητας ἐν σκότει διατρίβοντες λύχνους ἐπὶ τῶν μετώπων πεπραγματευμένους περιφέρουσι· πολλαχῶς δὲ πρὸς τὰς τῆς πέτρας ἰδιότητας μετασχηματίζοντες τὰ σώματα καταβάλλουσιν εἰς ἔδαφος τὰ λατομούμενα θραύματα· καὶ τοῦτο ἀδιαλείπτως ἐνεργοῦσι πρὸς ἐπιστάτου βαρύτητα καὶ πληγάς.
These men, therefore, spending their time in darkness on account of the bends and twists in the shafts, carry about lamps fastened on their foreheads; and changing the posture of their bodies in many ways to suit the peculiarities of the rock, they throw down to the ground the quarried fragments; and this they do without ceasing under the severity and blows of an overseer.