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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §3.10.1-3.10.6

Contested Nile Lands and the Nature of Elephants and Serpents

Passage 171 of 406 · Greek

Summary

The author describes a fertile region along the Nile contested by Libyans and Ethiopians, the migration of elephants seeking its rich pastures, the giant serpents that prey upon them, and the reasons why these serpents remain in their mountainous habitats.

§3.10.1τῆς δὲ παρὰ τὸν Νεῖλον χώρας τῆς ἐν τῇ Λιβύῃ κειμένης ἐστί τι μέρος τῷ κάλλει διαφέρον·
Of the region along the Nile lying in Libya, there is a certain part that excels in beauty.
τροφάς τε γὰρ φέρει δαψιλεῖς καὶ ποικίλας, καὶ πρὸς τὰς τῶν καυμάτων ὑπερβολὰς ἔχει βοηθείας εὐθέτους τὰς ἐν τοῖς ἕλεσι καταφυγάς· διὸ καὶ περιμάχητος οὗτος ὁ τόπος γίνεται τοῖς τε Λίβυσι καὶ τοῖς Αἰθίοψι, καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ πολεμοῦντες διατελοῦσι.
For it bears abundant and varied sustenance, and against the excesses of the heat it has appropriate defenses in the refuges in the marshes; wherefore also this place becomes a subject of contention to both the Libyans and the Ethiopians, and they continue waging war against one another for its possession.
§3.10.2φοιτᾷ δʼ εἰς αὐτὸν καὶ πλῆθος ἐλεφάντων ἐκ τῆς ἄνω χώρας, ὡς μὲν ἔνιοι λέγουσι, διὰ τὴν δαψίλειαν καὶ τὴν ἡδονὴν τῆς νομῆς· ἕλη γὰρ θαυμαστὰ παρεκτείνεται τοῖς χείλεσι τοῦ ποταμοῦ, πολλῆς καὶ παντοίας ἐν αὐτοῖς φυομένης τροφῆς.
And there also resorts to it a multitude of elephants from the upper country, as some say, because of the abundance and the sweetness of the pasture; for wonderful marshes extend along the banks of the river, with much and varied food growing in them.
§3.10.3διόπερ ὅταν γεύσωνται τοῦ θρύου καὶ τοῦ καλάμου, διὰ τὴν γλυκύτητα τῆς τροφῆς μένει καὶ τὴν τῶν ἀνθρώπων δίαιταν καταφθείρει· διʼ ἣν αἰτίαν καταναγκάζονται φεύγειν τούτους τοὺς τόπους, ὄντες νομάδες καὶ σκηνῖται, τὸ σύνολον τῷ συμφέροντι τὰς πατρίδας ὁρίζοντες.
Wherefore, when they taste the papyrus and the reed, because of the sweetness of the food they remain and ruin the livelihood of the humans; for which reason they are compelled to flee these places, being nomads and tent-dwellers, defining their homelands entirely by their own benefit.
§3.10.4αἱ δʼ ἀγέλαι τῶν εἰρημένων θηρίων τὴν μεσόγειον χώραν ἐκλείπουσι διὰ σπάνιν τροφῆς, ἅτε συντόμως τῶν φυομένων ἐν τῇ γῇ πάντων αὐαινομένων· διὰ γὰρ τὴν τοῦ καύματος ὑπερβολὴν καὶ τὴν λειψυδρίαν τῶν πηγαίων καὶ ποταμίων ὑδάτων σκληρὰς καὶ σπανίους συμβαίνει γίνεσθαι τὰς τροφάς.
But the herds of the aforementioned beasts leave the inland country because of the scarcity of food, since indeed all things growing on the earth are quickly dried up; for because of the excess of the heat and the lack of spring and river waters, it happens that the foods become hard and scarce.
§3.10.5ὡς δέ τινές φασιν, ὄφεις θαυμαστοὶ γίνονται τό τε μέγεθος καὶ τὸ πλῆθος κατὰ τὴν θηριώδη καλουμένην χώραν· οὗτοι δὲ περὶ τὰς συστάσεις τῶν ὑδάτων ἐπιτίθενται τοῖς ἐλέφασι, καὶ τραπέντες εἰς ἀλκὴν περιπλέκονται ταῖς σπείραις εἰς τὰ σκέλη, καὶ πέρας ἕως τούτου συνέχουσι βιαζόμενοι καὶ σφίγγοντες τοῖς δεσμοῖς ἕως ἂν ἀφρίσαντα τὰ θηρία πέσῃ διὰ τὸ βάρος.
And as some say, marvelous serpents exist both in size and in multitude in the region called "abounding in wild beasts"; and these, around the gatherings of waters, attack the elephants, and having turned to force, they entwine themselves with their coils around their legs, and finally they hold them fast, exerting force and squeezing them with their bonds, until the beasts, foaming at the mouth, fall because of the weight.
ἔπειτʼ ἀθροιζόμενοι τὸ πεσὸν σαρκοφαγοῦσι, ῥᾳδίως ἐπικρατοῦντες διὰ τὴν δυσκινησίαν τοῦ ζῴου.
Then, gathering together, they devour the fallen one, easily prevailing because of the difficulty of movement of the animal.
§3.10.6ἀπολειπομένου δʼ ἀπορήματος, διὰ τίνʼ αἰτίαν οὐ συνέπονται τοῖς ἐλέφασιν εἰς τὴν προειρημένην παραποταμίαν διώκοντες τὰς συνήθεις τροφάς, φασὶ τοὺς τηλικούτους ὄφεις τὴν μὲν ἐπίπεδον τῆς χώρας φεύγειν, περὶ δὲ τὴν ὑπώρειαν ἐν ταῖς φάραγξι ταῖς εἰς τὸ μῆκος ἀνηκούσαις καὶ τοῖς σπηλαίοις τοῖς τὸ βάθος ἔχουσι συνεχῶς ἐναυλίζεσθαι· διόπερ τοὺς συμφέροντας καὶ συνήθεις τόπους μηδαμῶς ἐκλείπειν, αὐτοδιδάκτου πρὸς τὰ τοιαῦτα τῆς φύσεως οὔσης ἅπασι τοῖς ζῴοις.
But since the question remains, for what reason they do not follow the elephants into the aforementioned river-land in pursuit of their accustomed foods, they say that serpents of such size avoid the flat part of the country, but continually dwell around the foothills in the ravines that extend in length and in the caves that have depth; wherefore they by no means leave the advantageous and accustomed places, since nature is self-taught toward such things for all animals.
περὶ μὲν οὖν Αἰθιόπων καὶ τῆς χώρας αὐτῶν τοσαῦτα λέγομεν.
Concerning the Ethiopians and their country, then, we say this much.

Notes

  1. 3.10.1τῆς δὲ παρὰ τὸν Νεῖλον χώρας — The genitive noun phrase τῆς ... χώρας is a partitive genitive qualifying the subject of the main clause, ἐστί τι μέρος (there is a certain part), meaning 'of the region... there is a certain part.'
  2. 3.10.1ἔχει βοηθείας εὐθέτους τὰς ἐν τοῖς ἕλεσι καταφυγάς — The phrase βοηθείας εὐθέτους lacks the article and functions as a predicative accusative, whereas the articular phrase τὰς ἐν τοῖς ἕλεσι καταφυγάς is the direct object. The structure means 'it has the refuges in the marshes as appropriate defenses.'
  3. 3.10.5ἕως τούτου συνέχουσι ... ἕως ἂν ... πέσῃ — The adverbial phrase ἕως τούτου (up to this point) correlates with the subsequent temporal clause introducing the subjunctive, ἕως ἂν ... πέσῃ (until they fall), emphasizing the duration and extreme limit of the action of the main verb συνέχουσι (they hold fast).
  4. 3.10.6ἀπολειπομένου δʼ ἀπορήματος — This is a genitive absolute using the present participle, where the following indirect question clause introduced by διὰ τίνʼ αἰτίαν... stands in apposition to ἀπορήματος, explaining the content of the remaining difficulty.
  5. 3.10.6μηδαμῶς ἐκλείπειν — An infinitive of indirect discourse dependent on the preceding verb of saying φασὶ (they say). Its subject accusative is understood from the previous clause: τοὺς τηλικούτους ὄφεις (serpents of such size).

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §3.10.1-3.10.6. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc5:3.10.1-3.10.6

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