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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §1.76.1-1.76.3

Reasons for Preferring Written Pleadings over Rhetoric

Passage 77 of 406 · Greek

Summary

The reasons for the Egyptian adoption of written trials instead of oral advocacy are explained, showing how it prevented distortion by rhetoric and secured equality and sufficient examination time for all parties.

§1.76.1τούτῳ δὲ τῷ τρόπῳ τὰς κρίσεις πάσας συντελεῖν τοὺς Αἰγυπτίους, νομίζοντας ἐκ μὲν τοῦ λέγειν τοὺς συνηγόρους πολλὰ τοῖς δικαίοις ἐπισκοτήσειν· καὶ γὰρ τὰς τέχνας τῶν ῥητόρων καὶ τὴν τῆς ὑποκρίσεως γοητείαν καὶ τὰ τῶν κινδυνευόντων δάκρυα πολλοὺς προτρέπεσθαι παρορᾶν τὸ τῶν νόμων ἀπότομον καὶ τὴν τῆς ἀληθείας ἀκρίβειαν·
And in this manner, the Egyptians conduct all trials, believing that from the speaking of advocates much darkness would be cast over what is just; for indeed, the skills of rhetoricians, the illusion of acting, and the tears of those in danger prompt many to overlook the severity of the laws and the precision of truth.
§1.76.2θεωρεῖσθαι γοῦν τοὺς ἐπαινουμένους ἐν τῷ κρίνειν πολλάκις ἢ διʼ ἀπάτην ἢ διὰ ψυχαγωγίαν ἢ διὰ τὸ πρὸς τὸν ἔλεον πάθος συνεκφερομένους τῇ δυνάμει τῶν συνηγορούντων· ἐκ δὲ τοῦ γράφειν τὰ δίκαια τοὺς ἀντιδίκους ᾤοντο τὰς κρίσεις ἀκριβεῖς ἔσεσθαι, γυμνῶν τῶν πραγμάτων θεωρουμένων.
At any rate, those who are praised in judging are often seen, either through deception or captivation or the feeling of pity, to be carried away by the power of those pleading; but by the opponents writing down their just claims, they thought that the trials would be accurate, with the facts themselves being observed bare.
§1.76.3οὕτω γὰρ μάλιστα μήτε τοὺς εὐφυεῖς τῶν βραδυτέρων πλεονεκτήσειν μήτε τοὺς ἐνηθληκότας τῶν ἀπείρων μήτε τοὺς ψεύστας καὶ τολμηροὺς τῶν φιλαλήθων καὶ κατεσταλμένων τοῖς ἤθεσι, πάντας δʼ ἐπʼ ἴσης τεύξεσθαι τῶν δικαίων, ἱκανὸν χρόνον ἐκ τῶν νόμων λαμβανόντων τῶν μὲν ἀντιδίκων ἐξετάσαι τὰ παρʼ ἀλλήλων, τῶν δὲ δικαστῶν συγκρῖναι τὰ παρʼ ἀμφοτέρων.
For in this way especially, neither would the clever gain advantage over the slower, nor the experienced over the untried, nor the liars and bold over the lovers of truth and those tempered in their character, but all would obtain justice equally, with the laws allowing sufficient time for the opponents to examine the points of each other, and for the judges to compare the arguments of both.

Notes

  1. 1.76.1συντελεῖν — Accusative with infinitive in indirect discourse (oratio obliqua), continuing from the previous context with an implied verb of saying.
  2. 1.76.2θεωρεῖσθαι — The passive infinitive takes the accusative subject τοὺς ἐπαινουμένους and the agreeing participle συνεκφερομένους in a passive construction of perception, meaning 'those who are praised are observed to be carried away'.
  3. 1.76.3πλεονεκτήσειν — The future infinitive (from πλεονεκτέω, 'to gain advantage over') governs the genitive of comparison (such as τῶν βραδυτέρων).
  4. 1.76.3λαμβανόντων — Genitive absolute construction with λαμβανόντων whose logical subjects are τῶν μὲν ἀντιδίκων and τῶν δὲ δικαστῶν. The subsequent infinitives ἐξετάσαι and συγκρῖναι express purpose or result.

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §1.76.1-1.76.3. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc5:1.76.1-1.76.3

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