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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §1.24.1-1.24.8

Egyptian Origins of Heracles and Perseus

Passage 25 of 406 · Greek

Summary

The author explains the Egyptian claim that Heracles was an ancient hero of Egyptian origin, and mentions that Perseus was also born in Egypt, while the myth of Isis was transferred to Argos by the Greeks through the story of Io.

§1.24.1καὶ γὰρ Ἡρακλέα τὸ γένος Αἰγύπτιον ὄντα, διʼ ἀνδρείαν ἐπελθεῖν πολλὴν τῆς οἰκουμένης, καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ τῆς Λιβύης θέσθαι στήλην· ὑπὲρ οὗ πειρῶνται τὰς ἀποδείξεις παρὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων λαμβάνειν.
For they say that Heracles also was by birth an Egyptian, and that by reason of his courage he traversed a large part of the inhabited world and set up his pillar in Libya; and concerning him they endeavor to take their proofs from the Greeks themselves.
§1.24.2ὁμολογουμένου γὰρ ὄντος παρὰ πᾶσιν ὅτι τοῖς Ὀλυμπίοις θεοῖς Ἡρακλῆς συνηγωνίσατο τὸν πρὸς τοὺς γίγαντας πόλεμον, φασὶ τῇ γῇ μηδαμῶς ἁρμόττειν γεγεννηκέναι τοὺς γίγαντας κατὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν ἣν οἱ Ἕλληνές φασιν Ἡρακλέα γεγενῆσθαι, γενεᾷ πρότερον τῶν Τρωικῶν, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον, ὡς αὐτοὶ λέγουσι, κατὰ τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς γένεσιν τῶν ἀνθρώπων· ἀπʼ ἐκείνης μὲν γὰρ παρʼ Αἰγυπτίοις ἔτη καταριθμεῖσθαι πλείω τῶν μυρίων, ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν Τρωικῶν ἐλάττω τῶν χιλίων καὶ διακοσίων.
For since it is agreed by all that Heracles fought on the side of the Olympian gods in their war against the Giants, they say that it is in no way fitting for the earth to have generated the Giants at the period in which the Greeks say Heracles was born, namely, a generation before the Trojan War, but rather, as they themselves say, at the time of the original birth of mankind; for in the calculation of the Egyptians, more than ten thousand years are numbered from that time, whereas from the Trojan War there are fewer than twelve hundred years.
§1.24.3ὁμοίως δὲ τό τε ῥόπαλον καὶ τὴν λεοντῆν τῷ παλαιῷ πρέπειν Ἡρακλεῖ διὰ τὸ κατʼ ἐκείνους τοὺς χρόνους μήπω τῶν ὅπλων εὑρημένων τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τοῖς μὲν ξύλοις ἀμύνεσθαι τοὺς ἀντιταττομένους, ταῖς δὲ δοραῖς τῶν θηρίων σκεπαστηρίοις ὅπλοις χρῆσθαι.
Similarly, they say that both the club and the lion's skin are appropriate to the ancient Heracles, because in those times, since weapons had not yet been invented, men defended themselves against their opponents with clubs of wood and used the skins of beasts as protective garments.
καὶ Διὸς μὲν υἱὸν αὐτὸν ἀναγορεύουσι, μητρὸς δὲ ἧς ἐστιν οὔ φασι γινώσκειν.
And they declare him to be a son of Zeus, but they say they do not know who his mother was.
§1.24.4τὸν δʼ ἐξ Ἀλκμήνης γενόμενον ὕστερον πλείοσιν ἔτεσιν ἢ μυρίοις, Ἀλκαῖον ἐκ γενετῆς καλούμενον, ὕστερον Ἡρακλέα μετονομασθῆναι, οὐχ ὅτι διʼ Ἥραν ἔσχε κλέος, ὥς φησιν ὁ Μᾶτρις, ἀλλʼ ὅτι τὴν αὐτὴν ἐζηλωκὼς προαίρεσιν Ἡρακλεῖ τῷ παλαιῷ τὴν ἐκείνου δόξαν ἅμα καὶ προσηγορίαν ἐκληρονόμησε.
And they say that the one born of Alcmene more than ten thousand years later, who was called Alcaeus at birth, was afterwards renamed Heracles, not because he got fame through Hera, as Matris says, but because, having emulated the same purpose as the ancient Heracles, he inherited both his reputation and his name.
§1.24.5συμφωνεῖν δὲ τοῖς ὑφʼ ἑαυτῶν λεγομένοις καὶ τὴν παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἐκ πολλῶν χρόνων παραδεδομένην φήμην, ὅτι καθαρὰν τὴν γῆν τῶν θηρίων ἐποίησεν Ἡρακλῆς· ὅπερ μηδαμῶς ἁρμόττειν τῷ γεγονότι σχεδὸν κατὰ τοὺς Τρωικοὺς χρόνους, ὅτε τὰ πλεῖστα μέρη τῆς οἰκουμένης ἐξημέρωτο γεωργίαις καὶ πόλεσι καὶ πλήθει τῶν κατοικούντων τὴν χώραν πανταχοῦ.
And they say that the rumor handed down among the Greeks from ancient times also agrees with what is said by themselves, namely, that Heracles made the land clear of wild beasts; which in no way fits the one who lived near the times of the Trojan War, when most parts of the inhabited world had already been reclaimed by agriculture, cities, and the multitude of those who inhabited the territory everywhere.
§1.24.6μᾶλλον οὖν πρέπειν τῷ γεγονότι κατὰ τοὺς ἀρχαίους χρόνους τὴν ἡμέρωσιν τῆς χώρας, κατισχυομένων ἔτι τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὑπὸ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν θηρίων, καὶ μάλιστα κατὰ τὴν Αἴγυπτον καὶ τὴν ὑπερκειμένην χώραν μέχρι τοῦ νῦν ἔρημον οὖσαν καὶ θηριώδη.
Therefore, the reclamation of the country is more fitting for the one who lived in ancient times, when men were still overpowered by the multitude of wild beasts, and especially in Egypt and the country lying above it, which even to this day remains desert and full of wild beasts.
§1.24.7εἰκὸς γὰρ ταύτης ὡς πατρίδος προνοηθέντα τὸν Ἡρακλέα, καὶ καθαρὰν τὴν γῆν τῶν θηρίων ποιήσαντα, παραδοῦναι τοῖς γεωργοῖς τὴν χώραν, καὶ διὰ τὴν εὐεργεσίαν τυχεῖν ἰσοθέου τιμῆς.
For it is likely that Heracles, having taken thought for this land as his native country, and having cleared the earth of wild beasts, delivered the land to the husbandmen, and because of this benefaction obtained honor equal to that of the gods.
§1.24.8φασὶ δὲ καὶ τὸν Περσέα γεγονέναι κατʼ Αἴγυπτον, καὶ τῆς Ἴσιδος τὴν γένεσιν ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων εἰς Ἄργος μεταφέρεσθαι, μυθολογούντων τὴν Ἰὼ τὴν εἰς βοὸς τύπον μεταμορφωθεῖσαν.
And they say also that Perseus was born in Egypt, and that the birth of Isis was transferred by the Greeks to Argos, through their mythologizing about Io who was transformed into the likeness of a heifer.

Notes

  1. 1.24.1Ἡρακλέα τὸ γένος Αἰγύπτιον ὄντα, διʼ ἀνδρείαν ἐπελθεῖν — The indirect discourse (accusative and infinitive construction) continued from the verb φασί (they say) in the preceding sentence. Ἡρακλέα is the subject accusative of the infinitives ἐπελθεῖν and θέσθαι, while the participle ὄντα agrees with it, and τὸ γένος is an accusative of specification ("by birth").
  2. 1.24.2ὁμολογουμένου γὰρ ὄντος — An impersonal genitive absolute construction with the neuter present participle ὄντος, where the following ὅτι clause ("that Heracles fought on the side of the Olympian gods") functions as the logical subject.
  3. 1.24.4οὐχ ὅτι διʼ Ἥραν ἔσχε κλέος — This passage rejects the popular etymological derivation of Heracles' name (reputed to be from "Hera" and "kleos") proposed by Matris. The contrastive structure οὐχ ὅτι... ἀλλʼ ὅ提... ("not because... but because...") explains the true reason why the Greek Heracles changed his name.
  4. 1.24.5ὅπερ μηδαμῶς ἁρμόττειν — The relative pronoun ὅπερ has the entire preceding statement (the rumor that Heracles cleared the land of wild beasts) as its antecedent, and functions as the subject accusative of the infinitive ἁρμόττειν within the continuing indirect discourse.

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §1.24.1-1.24.8. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc5:1.24.1-1.24.8

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