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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §1.19.1-1.19.8

Flooding of the Nile and the Indian Campaign of Osiris

Passage 20 of 406 · Greek

Summary

The author recounts the flooding of the Nile, its containment by Heracles, and the river's name changes, followed by Osiris's hydraulic works on the Ethiopian border and his expedition to India.

§1.19.1τούτων δʼ ὄντων περὶ ταῦτα, τὸν Νεῖλόν φασι κατὰ τὴν τοῦ σειρίου ἄστρου ἐπιτολήν, ἐν ᾧ καιρῷ μάλιστα εἴωθε πληροῦσθαι, ῥαγέντα κατακλύσαι πολλὴν τῆς Αἰγύπτου, καὶ μάλιστα τοῦτο τὸ μέρος ἐπελθεῖν οὗ Προμηθεὺς εἶχε τὴν ἐπιμέλειαν·
While they were occupied with these matters, they say that the Nile, at the rising of the Dog Star, at which season it is most accustomed to be flooded, burst its banks and inundated much of Egypt, and especially rushed upon that part of which Prometheus had the charge.
διαφθαρέντων δὲ σχεδὸν ἁπάντων τῶν κατὰ ταύτην τὴν χώραν τὸν Προμηθέα διὰ τὴν λύπην κινδυνεύειν ἐκλιπεῖν τὸν βίον ἑκουσίως.
And since almost everything in this district was destroyed, Prometheus because of his grief was in danger of ending his life voluntarily.
§1.19.2διὰ δὲ τὴν ὀξύτητα καὶ τὴν βίαν τοῦ κατενεχθέντος ῥεύματος τὸν μὲν ποταμὸν Ἀετὸν ὀνομασθῆναι, τὸν δʼ Ἡρακλέα, μεγαλεπίβολον ὄντα καὶ τὴν ἀνδρείαν ἐζηλωκότα, τό τε γενόμενον ἔκρηγμα ταχέως ἐμφράξαι καὶ τὸν ποταμὸν ἐπὶ τὴν προϋπάρξασαν ῥύσιν ἀποστρέψαι.
And because of the swiftness and violence of the descending current, the river was named 'Eagle'; but Heracles, being a man of great designs and emulating courage, quickly blocked up the breach that had occurred and turned the river back to its former course.
§1.19.3διὸ καὶ τῶν παρʼ Ἕλλησι ποιητῶν τινας εἰς μῦθον ἀγαγεῖν τὸ πραχθέν, ὡς Ἡρακλέους τὸν ἀετὸν ἀνῃρηκότος τὸν τὸ τοῦ Προμηθέως ἧπαρ ἐσθίοντα.
For which reason also some of the Greek poets turned this deed into a myth, to the effect that Heracles killed the eagle which was devouring the liver of Prometheus.
§1.19.4τὸν δὲ ποταμὸν ἀρχαιότατον μὲν ὄνομα σχεῖν Ὠκεάνην, ὅς ἐστιν ἑλληνιστὶ Ὠκεανός· ἔπειτα διὰ τὸ γενόμενον ἔκρηγμά φασιν Ἀετὸν ὀνομασθῆναι, ὕστερον δʼ Αἴγυπτον ἀπὸ τοῦ βασιλεύσαντος τῆς χώρας προσαγορευθῆναι· μαρτυρεῖν δὲ καὶ τὸν ποιητὴν λέγοντα στῆσα δʼ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ ποταμῷ νέας ἀμφιελίσσας. κατὰ γὰρ τὴν καλουμένην Θῶνιν ἐμβάλλοντος εἰς θάλατταν τοῦ ποταμοῦ, τοῦτον τὸν τόπον ἐμπόριον εἶναι τὸ παλαιὸν τῆς Αἰγύπτου· τελευταίας δὲ τυχεῖν αὐτὸν ἧς νῦν ἔχει προσηγορίας ἀπὸ τοῦ βασιλεύσαντος Νειλέως.
And they say that the river had its most ancient name Okeanes, which in Greek is Okeanos; then, because of the breach that occurred, it was named 'Eagle'; and later it was called Aigyptos after the king who ruled the land; and they say that the Poet also bears witness to this, when he says: 'And in the river Aigyptos I stayed my curved ships.' For where the river empties into the sea near the place called Thonis, this place was in ancient times the emporium of Egypt; and finally it obtained its present name from the king Neileus who ruled.
§1.19.5τὸν δʼ οὖν Ὄσιριν παραγενόμενον ἐπὶ τοὺς τῆς Αἰθιοπίας ὅρους τὸν ποταμὸν ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων τῶν μερῶν χώμασιν ἀναλαβεῖν, ὥστε κατὰ τὴν πλήρωσιν αὐτοῦ τὴν χώραν μὴ λιμνάζειν παρὰ τὸ συμφέρον, ἀλλὰ διά τινων κατεσκευασμένων θυρῶν εἰσαφίεσθαι τὸ ῥεῦμα πρᾴως καθʼ ὅσον ἂν ᾖ χρεία.
Be that as it may, Osiris, having arrived at the borders of Ethiopia, pent in the river with dykes on both sides, so that during its flooding the land might not be flooded to its disadvantage, but the current might be let in gently through certain constructed sluices as much as might be needed.
§1.19.6ἔπειτα ποιήσασθαι τὴν πορείαν διʼ Ἀραβίας παρὰ τὴν Ἐρυθρὰν θάλατταν ἕως Ἰνδῶν καὶ τοῦ πέρατος τῆς οἰκουμένης.
Thereafter he made his journey through Arabia along the Red Sea as far as India and the limits of the inhabited world.
§1.19.7κτίσαι δὲ καὶ πόλεις οὐκ ὀλίγας ἐν Ἰνδοῖς, ἐν αἷς καὶ Νῦσαν ὀνομάσαι, βουλόμενον μνημεῖον ἀπολιπεῖν ἐκείνης καθʼ ἣν ἐτράφη κατʼ Αἴγυπτον.
He also founded not a few cities in India, among which he named one Nysa, wishing to leave behind a memorial of that place in Egypt where he had been reared.
φυτεῦσαι δὲ καὶ κιττὸν ἐν τῇ παρʼ Ἰνδοῖς Νύσῃ, καὶ διαμένειν τοῦτο τὸ φυτὸν ἐν ἐκείνῳ μόνῳ τῷ τόπῳ τῶν τε κατὰ τὴν Ἰνδικὴν καὶ τὴν ὅμορον χώραν.
And he also planted ivy in the Nysa in India, and this plant remains in that place alone of all those in India and the neighboring country.
§1.19.8πολλὰ δὲ καὶ ἄλλα σημεῖα τῆς ἑαυτοῦ παρουσίας ἀπολελοιπέναι κατʼ ἐκείνην τὴν χώραν, διʼ ὧν προαχθέντας τοὺς μεταγενεστέρους τῶν Ἰνδῶν ἀμφισβητῆσαι τοῦ θεοῦ, λέγοντας Ἰνδὸν εἶναι τὸ γένος.
And he left behind also many other signs of his presence in that land, led by which the later generations of Indians claimed the god as their own, saying that he was of Indian race.

Notes

  1. §1.19.1διαφθαρέντων δὲ σχεδὸν ἁπάντων τῶν κατὰ ταύτην τὴν χώραν — A genitive absolute construction with ἁπάντων τῶν κατὰ ταύτην τὴν χώραν as its subject, expressing the causal background (because almost everything was destroyed) for Prometheus's despair.
  2. §1.19.3ὡς Ἡρακλέους τὸν ἀετὸν ἀνῃρηκότος — A genitive absolute constructed with the particle ὡς, presenting the subjective allegation or the content of the myth as told by the poets (on the ground that Heracles had killed the eagle).
  3. §1.19.4στῆσα δʼ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ ποταμῷ νέας ἀμφιελίσσας — A quotation from Homer's Odyssey (14.258 or 17.427), cited as textual evidence that the name 'Aigyptos' was anciently applied to the river itself rather than just the land.
  4. §1.19.8ἀμφισβητῆσαι τοῦ θεοῦ — The verb ἀμφισβητέω governs the genitive (τοῦ θεοῦ) in the sense of 'to lay claim to' or 'contend for ownership of.' It indicates that the later Indians claimed the god as belonging to their own nation.

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §1.19.1-1.19.8. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc5:1.19.1-1.19.8

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