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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §1.17.1-1.17.5

Preparations and Departure of Osiris for His World Expedition

Passage 18 of 406 · Greek

Summary

It is described how Osiris planned an expedition to teach agriculture to mankind, leaving the administration to Isis with capable advisors and commanders like Hermes and Hercules, and the associations of Apollo with the laurel and Osiris with the ivy.

§1.17.1τὸν δὲ Ὄσιριν λέγουσιν, ὥσπερ εὐεργετικὸν ὄντα καὶ φιλόδοξον, στρατόπεδον μέγα συστήσασθαι, διανοούμενον ἐπελθεῖν ἅπασαν τὴν οἰκουμένην καὶ διδάξαι τὸ γένος τῶν ἀνθρώπων τήν τε τῆς ἀμπέλου φυτείαν καὶ τὸν σπόρον τοῦ τε πυρίνου καὶ κριθίνου καρποῦ·
And they say that Osiris, being beneficent and eager for glory, assembled a large army, intending to visit the entire inhabited world and to teach mankind the cultivation of the vine and the sowing of wheat and barley crops.
§1.17.2ὑπολαμβάνειν γὰρ αὐτὸν ὅτι παύσας τῆς ἀγριότητος τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καὶ διαίτης ἡμέρου μεταλαβεῖν ποιήσας τιμῶν ἀθανάτων τεύξεται διὰ τὸ μέγεθος τῆς εὐεργεσίας.
For he believed that, by making humans cease from their savagery and making them partake of a civilized lifestyle, he would obtain immortal honors because of the magnitude of his benefaction.
ὅπερ δὴ καὶ γενέσθαι· οὐ μόνον γὰρ τοὺς κατʼ ἐκείνους τοὺς χρόνους τυχόντας τῆς δωρεᾶς ταύτης, ἀλλὰ καὶ πάντας τοὺς μετὰ ταῦτα ἐπιγενομένους διὰ τὴν ἐν ταῖς εὑρεθείσαις τροφαῖς χάριτα τοὺς εἰσηγησαμένους ὡς ἐπιφανεστάτους θεοὺς τετιμηκέναι.
And indeed, this very thing came to pass; for not only those who happened to receive this gift in those times, but also all who came after them, have honored those who introduced these things as the most manifest gods, because of the gratitude for the foods that had been discovered.
§1.17.3τὸν δʼ οὖν Ὄσιρίν φασι τὰ κατὰ τὴν Αἴγυπτον καταστήσαντα καὶ τὴν τῶν ὅλων ἡγεμονίαν Ἴσιδι τῇ γυναικὶ παραδόντα, ταύτῃ μὲν παρακαταστῆσαι σύμβουλον τὸν Ἑρμῆν διὰ τὸ φρονήσει τοῦτον διαφέρειν τῶν ἄλλων φίλων, καὶ στρατηγὸν μὲν ἀπολιπεῖν ἁπάσης τῆς ὑφʼ αὑτὸν χώρας Ἡρακλέα γένει τε προσήκοντα καὶ θαυμαζόμενον ἐπʼ ἀνδρείᾳ τε καὶ σώματος ῥώμῃ, ἐπιμελητὰς δὲ τάξαι τῶν μὲν πρὸς Φοινίκην κεκλιμένων μερῶν καὶ τῶν ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ τόπων Βούσιριν, τῶν δὲ κατὰ τὴν Αἰθιοπίαν καὶ Λιβύην Ἀνταῖον, αὐτὸν δʼ ἐκ τῆς Αἰγύπτου μετὰ τῆς δυνάμεως ἀναζεῦξαι πρὸς τὴν στρατείαν, ἔχοντα μεθʼ αὑτοῦ καὶ τὸν ἀδελφόν, ὃν οἱ Ἕλληνες Ἀπόλλωνα καλοῦσιν.
At any rate, they say that Osiris, after regulating the affairs of Egypt and handing over the supreme command of the whole land to his wife Isis, associated Hermes with her as a counselor because he excelled his other friends in wisdom, and left Hercules, who was a relative of his and was admired for both his courage and physical strength, as general of all the territory under his rule. He appointed Busiris as governor of the regions inclining toward Phoenicia and the places along the sea, and Antaeus over those in Ethiopia and Libya; and he himself, with his army, set out from Egypt on his campaign, taking along also his brother, whom the Greeks call Apollo.
§1.17.4εὑρετὴν δὲ καὶ τοῦτόν φασι γενέσθαι τοῦ φυτοῦ τῆς δάφνης, ἣν καὶ περιτιθέασι τούτῳ τῷ θεῷ μάλιστα πάντες ἄνθρωποι.
And they say that this brother was also the discoverer of the laurel plant, which almost all humans especially crown this god with.
τοῦ δὲ κιττοῦ τὴν εὕρεσιν ἀνατιθέασιν Ὀσίριδι, καὶ καθιεροῦσιν αὐτὸν τούτῳ τῷ θεῷ, καθάπερ καὶ οἱ Ἕλληνες Διονύσῳ.
But they attribute the discovery of ivy to Osiris, and consecrate it to this god, just as the Greeks do to Dionysus.
§1.17.5καὶ κατὰ τὴν Αἰγυπτίων μὲν διάλεκτον ὀνομάζεσθαί φασι τὸν κιττὸν φυτὸν Ὀσίριδος, προκεκρίσθαι δὲ τῆς ἀμπέλου τοῦτον πρὸς τὴν ἀφιέρωσιν διὰ τὸ τὴν μὲν φυλλορροεῖν, τὸν δὲ πάντα τὸν χρόνον ἀειθαλῆ διαμένειν· ὅπερ τοὺς παλαιοὺς καὶ ἐφʼ ἑτέρων φυτῶν ἀεὶ θαλλόντων πεποιηκέναι, τῇ μὲν Ἀφροδίτῃ τὴν μυρσίνην, τῷ δʼ Ἀπόλλωνι τὴν δάφνην προσάψαντας.
And they say that in the language of the Egyptians, ivy is called the "plant of Osiris," and that this was preferred to the vine for consecration because the vine sheds its leaves, whereas the ivy remains evergreen all the time; which very thing the ancients also did in the case of other evergreen plants, assigning the myrtle to Aphrodite and the laurel to Apollo.

Notes

  1. 1.17.1ὥσπερ εὐεργετικὸν ὄντα — The participle ὄντα in the accusative case with the conjunction ὥσπερ modifies τὸν Ὄσιριν, which is the subject of the infinitive συστήσασθαι. The particle ὥσπερ with a participle indicates the subjective motivation or reason of the character.
  2. 1.17.2ὅπερ δὴ καὶ γενέσθαι — The relative pronoun ὅπερ refers to the entire content of the preceding sentence (the expectation of obtaining immortal honors) as its antecedent. The infinitive γενέσθαι functions either as a historical infinitive or as part of the indirect discourse depending on the main verb λέγουσιν.
  3. 1.17.2τετιμηκέναι — A long sentence structured around the perfect active infinitive τετιμηκέναι. Its logical subjects are the two participle phrases coordinated by οὐ μόνον... ἀλλὰ καὶ... (τοὺς τυχόντας and πάντας τοὺς ἐπιγενομένους), the direct object is τοὺς εἰσηγησαμένους, and its object complement is ὡς ἐπιφανεστάτους θεοὺς.
  4. 1.17.3τὸν δʼ οὖν Ὄσιρίν — The core structure of the sentence consists of the accusative subject τὸν ... Ὄσιριν followed by a series of infinitives (παρακαταστῆσαι, ἀπολιπεῖν, τάξαι, ἀναζεῦξαι) dependent on φασί. The preceding participles καταστήσαντα and παραδόντα describe prior circumstances.
  5. 1.17.5τὴν μὲν ... τὸν δὲ — Pronominal use of the article. The feminine singular accusative τὴν μὲν refers to the preceding feminine noun τῆς ἀμπέλου (the vine), and the masculine singular accusative τὸν δὲ refers to the preceding masculine noun τοῦτον (= τὸν κιττόν, the ivy).

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §1.17.1-1.17.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc5:1.17.1-1.17.5

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