§1.1.1τοῖς τὰς κοινὰς ἱστορίας πραγματευσαμένοις μεγάλας χάριτας ἀπονέμειν δίκαιον πάντας ἀνθρώπους, ὅτι τοῖς ἰδίοις πόνοις ὠφελῆσαι τὸν κοινὸν βίον ἐφιλοτιμήθησαν· ἀκίνδυνον γὰρ διδασκαλίαν τοῦ συμφέροντος εἰσηγησάμενοι καλλίστην ἐμπειρίαν διὰ τῆς πραγματείας ταύτης περιποιοῦσι τοῖς ἀναγινώσκουσιν.
It is just for all men to bestow great gratitude upon those who have written universal histories, because they have aspired by their own individual labors to benefit our common life; for by introducing a danger-free instruction in what is advantageous, they provide the finest experience through this study to those who read it.
§1.1.2ἡ μὲν γὰρ ἐκ τῆς πείρας ἑκάστου μάθησις μετὰ πολλῶν πόνων καὶ κινδύνων ποιεῖ τῶν χρησίμων ἕκαστα διαγινώσκειν, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τῶν ἡρώων ὁ πολυπειρότατος μετὰ μεγάλων ἀτυχημάτων πολλῶν ἀνθρώπων ἴδεν ἄστεα καὶ νόον ἔγνω· ἡ δὲ διὰ τῆς ἱστορίας περιγινομένη σύνεσις τῶν ἀλλοτρίων ἀποτευγμάτων τε καὶ κατορθωμάτων ἀπείρατον κακῶν ἔχει τήν διδασκαλίαν.
For whereas the learning acquired from the experience of each individual makes one distinguish each useful thing only with many labors and dangers—and for this reason the most experienced of the heroes, after great misfortunes, "saw the cities of many men and learned their minds"—on the other hand, the understanding of the failures and successes of others, which is acquired through history, possesses an instruction that is inexperienced in evils.
§1.1.3ἔπειτα πάντας ἀνθρώπους, μετέχοντας μὲν τῆς πρὸς ἀλλήλους συγγενείας, τόποις δὲ καὶ χρόνοις διεστηκότας, ἐφιλοτιμήθησαν ὑπὸ μίαν καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν σύνταξιν ἀγαγεῖν, ὥσπερ τινὲς ὑπουργοὶ τῆς θείας προνοίας γενηθέντες.
Furthermore, they have aspired to bring all men—who share indeed a kinship with one another, but are separated by spaces and times—under one and the same systematic arrangement, having become as it were certain ministers of divine providence.
ἐκείνη τε γὰρ τὴν τῶν ὁρωμένων ἄστρων διακόσμησιν καὶ τὰς ἀνθρώπων φύσεις εἰς κοινὴν ἀναλογίαν συνθεῖσα κυκλεῖ συνεχῶς ἅπαντα τὸν αἰῶνα, τὸ ἐπιβάλλον ἑκάστοις ἐκ τῆς πεπρωμένης μερίζουσα, οἵ τε τὰς κοινὰς τῆς οἰκουμένης πράξεις καθάπερ μιᾶς πόλεως ἀναγράψαντες ἕνα λόγον καὶ κοινὸν χρηματιστήριον τῶν συντετελεσμένων ἀπέδειξαν τὰς ἑαυτῶν πραγματείας.
For just as the latter, having ordered the arrangement of the visible stars and the natures of men into a common proportion, revolves all things continuously through all eternity, distributing to each what falls to them from destiny, so also those who have recorded the common deeds of the inhabited world as if of a single city have presented their own treatises as a single account and a common clearing-house of what has been accomplished.
§1.1.4καλὸν γὰρ τὸ δύνασθαι τοῖς τῶν ἄλλων ἀγνοήμασι πρὸς διόρθωσιν χρῆσθαι παραδείγμασι, καὶ πρὸς τὰ συγκυροῦντα ποικίλως κατὰ τὸν βίον ἔχειν μὴ ζήτησιν τῶν πραττομένων, ἀλλὰ μίμησιν τῶν ἐπιτετευγμένων.
For it is a noble thing to be able to use the errors of others as examples for correction, and, in the face of the various circumstances that happen in life, to possess not a search for what is to be done, but an imitation of what has been successfully achieved.
καὶ γὰρ τοὺς πρεσβυτάτους ταῖς ἡλικίαις ἅπαντες τῶν νεωτέρων προκρίνουσιν ἐν ταῖς συμβουλίαις διὰ τὴν ἐκ τοῦ χρόνου περιγεγενημένην αὐτοῖς ἐμπειρίαν· ἧς τοσοῦτον ὑπερέχειν συμβέβηκε τὴν ἐκ τῆς ἱστορίας μάθησιν ὅσον καὶ τῷ πλήθει τῶν πραγμάτων προτεροῦσαν αὐτὴν ἐπεγνώκαμεν.
Indeed, everyone prefers the eldest in age to the younger in counsels because of the experience that has accrued to them from time; than which the learning from history happens to be so much superior, as we have recognized that it also takes precedence in the multitude of events.
διὸ καὶ πρὸς ἁπάσας τὰς τοῦ βίου περιστάσεις χρησιμωτάτην ἄν τις εἶναι νομίσειε τὴν ταύτης ἀνάληψιν.
Therefore, one would consider the acquisition of this study to be most useful for all the circumstances of life.
§1.1.5τοῖς μὲν γὰρ νεωτέροις τὴν τῶν γεγηρακότων περιποιεῖ σύνεσιν, τοῖς δὲ πρεσβυτέροις πολλαπλασιάζει τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν ἐμπειρίαν, καὶ τοὺς μὲν ἰδιώτας ἀξίους ἡγεμονίας κατασκευάζει, τοὺς δʼ ἡγεμόνας τῷ διὰ τῆς δόξης ἀθανατισμῷ προτρέπεται τοῖς καλλίστοις τῶν ἔργων ἐπιχειρεῖν, χωρὶς δὲ τούτων τοὺς μὲν στρατιώτας τοῖς μετὰ τὴν τελευτὴν ἐπαίνοις ἑτοιμοτέρους κατασκευάζει πρὸς τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῆς πατρίδος κινδύνους, τοὺς δὲ πονηροὺς τῶν ἀνθρώπων ταῖς αἰωνίοις βλασφημίαις ἀποτρέπει τῆς ἐπὶ τὴν κακίαν ὁρμῆς.
For to the younger it provides the understanding of the aged, and to the elderly it multiplies their existing experience; it renders private citizens worthy of leadership, and encourages leaders to undertake the noblest deeds through the immortalization achieved by fame; and apart from these things, it makes soldiers readier for dangers on behalf of their country by means of praises after death, while it deters wicked men from their impulse toward vice by eternal reproaches.