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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §17.93.1-17.93.4

Advance to the Hypanis and Reports of the Ganges

Passage 698 of 723 · Greek

Summary

Hephaestion returns from his campaign, and Alexander advances to the Hypanis River. There he learns from the local ruler Phegeus and Porus about the powerful kingdom of the Gandaridae beyond the Ganges, but despite the difficulties of the expedition, Alexander maintains his ambition, trusting in the oracles.

§17.93.1ἅμα δὲ τούτοις πραττομένοις ἧκεν Ἡφαιστίων μετὰ τῆς συναπεσταλμένης δυνάμεως πολλὴν τῆς Ἰνδικῆς καταπεπολεμηκώς.
While these things were being done, Hephaestion arrived with the force that had been sent with him, having subdued a large part of India.
τοῦτον μὲν οὖν διὰ τὰς ἀνδραγαθίας ἐπῄνεσεν· αὐτὸς δὲ εἰς τὴν Φηγέως δυναστείαν ἐμβαλὼν καὶ τῶν ἐγχωρίων ἀσμένως τὴν τῶν Μακεδόνων παρουσίαν προσδεξαμένων καὶ τοῦ Φηγέως μετὰ δώρων πολλῶν ἀπαντήσαντος τήν τε βασιλείαν ἔχειν συνεχώρησε καὶ ξενισθεὶς μετὰ τῆς δυνάμεως ἐπὶ δύο ἡμέρας λαμπρῶς ἐπὶ τὸν Ὕφασιν ποταμὸν προῆγεν, οὗ τὸ μὲν πλάτος ἦν σταδίων ἑπτά, τὸ δὲ βάθος ἓξ ὀργυιῶν, τὸ δὲ ῥεῦμα σφοδρὸν καὶ δυσδιάβατον.
Him, therefore, he praised for his brave deeds; while he himself invaded the territory of Phegeus. Since the inhabitants gladly welcomed the arrival of the Macedonians and Phegeus met him with many gifts, Alexander permitted him to retain his kingdom; and after being splendidly entertained with his army for two days, he advanced to the Hypanis River, the width of which was seven stades, and the depth six fathoms, with a violent and difficult-to-cross current.
§17.93.2ἀκούσας δὲ τοῦ Φηγέως περὶ τῆς πέραν τοῦ ποταμοῦ χώρας ὅτι δώδεκα μὲν ἡμερῶν ἔχει δίοδον ἔρημον, μετὰ δὲ ταύτην εἶναι ποταμὸν τὸν ὀνομαζόμενον Γάγγην, τὸ μὲν πλάτος τριάκοντα καὶ δυεῖν σταδίων, τὸ δὲ βάθος μέγιστον τῶν κατὰ τὴν Ἰνδικήν, πέραν δὲ τούτου κατοικεῖν τό τε τῶν Ταβραισίων καὶ Γανδαριδῶν ἔθνος, τούτων δὲ βασιλεύειν Ξανδράμην, ἔχοντα δισμυρίους μὲν ἱππεῖς, πεζῶν δὲ εἴκοσι μυριάδας, ἅρματα δὲ δισχίλια, ἐλέφαντας δὲ πολεμικῶς κεκοσμημένους τετρακισχιλίους, ἀπιστήσας δὲ τοῖς λεγομένοις προσεκαλέσατο τὸν Πῶρον καὶ περὶ τῶν προσαγγελλομένων τἀκριβὲς διεπυνθάνετο.
When he heard from Phegeus about the country beyond the river—that it had a twelve days' journey through a desert, and that after this was a river called the Ganges, thirty-two stades in width and the deepest of those in India, and that beyond this dwelt the nation of the Tabraesians and the Gandaridae, ruled by Xandrames, who had twenty thousand cavalry, two hundred thousand infantry, two thousand chariots, and four thousand elephants equipped for war—he disbelieved these reports and summoned Porus, inquiring of him the exact truth about what had been reported.
§17.93.3ὁ δὲ τἄλλα μὲν ὑπάρχειν ἅπαντα ἀληθῆ διεβεβαιοῦτο, τὸν δὲ βασιλέα τῶν Γανδαριδῶν ἔφησεν εὐτελῆ παντελῶς εἶναι καὶ ἄδοξον ὡς ἂν κουρέως υἱὸν νομιζόμενον εἶναι.
Porus assured him that all the other details were completely true, but said that the king of the Gandaridae was an utterly worthless and ignoble man, inasmuch as he was believed to be the son of a barber.
εὐπρεπῆ γὰρ ὄντα τὸν τούτου πατέρα μεγάλως ὑπὸ τῆς βασιλίσσης ἀγαπηθῆναι καὶ τοῦ βασιλέως διὰ τῆς γυναικὸς δολοφονηθέντος εἰς τοῦτον περιστῆναι τὴν βασιλείαν.
For his father, being handsome, had been greatly loved by the queen, and when the king was murdered through his wife, the kingdom devolved upon him.
§17.93.4ὁ δʼ Ἀλέξανδρος, καίπερ ὁρῶν δυσεπίτευκτον τὴν ἐπὶ τοὺς Γανδαρίδας στρατείαν οὖσαν, ὅμως οὐκ ἀφίστατο τῆς φιλοτιμίας, ἀλλὰ πιστεύων ταῖς τῶν Μακεδόνων ἀρεταῖς καὶ τοῖς χρησμοῖς ἐλπίδας εἶχε κρατήσειν τῶν βαρβάρων· τὴν μὲν γὰρ Πυθίαν ἀνίκητον αὐτὸν ὠνομακέναι, τὸν δʼ Ἄμμωνα συγκεχωρηκέναι τὴν ἁπάσης τῆς γῆς ἐξουσίαν.
Alexander, although he saw that the campaign against the Gandaridae would be difficult to accomplish, nevertheless did not abandon his ambition, but, trusting in the valour of the Macedonians and in the oracles, had hopes of conquering the barbarians; for the Pythia had named him invincible, and Ammon had granted him the rule over the entire earth.

Notes

  1. 17.93.1ἅμα δὲ τούτοις πραττομένοις — The construction of ἅμα with the dative τούτοις and the participle πραττομένοις. It functions similarly to a genitive absolute, meaning 'while these things were being done' to indicate simultaneous action.
  2. 17.93.2ὅτι δώδεκα μὲν ἡμερῶν ἔχει δίοδον ἔρημον, μετὰ δὲ ταύτην εἶναι... — The indirect discourse begins with the ὅτι clause, but subsequently shifts into the accusative and infinitive construction (εἶναι, κατοικεῖν, βασιλεύειν) starting from μετὰ δὲ ταύτην. This represents a mixture of indirect speech constructions within a single sentence.
  3. 17.93.3ὡς ἂν κουρέως υἱὸν νομιζόμενον εἶναι — The combination of the particle ὡς ἂν with the accusative participle νομιζόμενον expresses a subjective or rumored reason ('inasmuch as he was thought to be...'), with the infinitive εἶναι depending as a complement on the participle.
  4. 17.93.4τὴν μὲν γὰρ Πυθίαν ἀνίκητον αὐτὸν ὠνομακέναι — An accusative and infinitive construction explaining the grounds or content of the hope (ἐλπίδας εἶχε) expressed in the previous sentence. The subject of the infinitive ὠνομακέναι (active perfect) is τὴν Πυθίαν, its direct object is αὐτόν (referring to Alexander), and ἀνίκητον is the predicate accusative.

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §17.93.1-17.93.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc4:17.93.1-17.93.4

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