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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §17.105.1-17.105.8

Subjugation of the Oreitae and the March through Gedrosia

Passage 710 of 723 · Greek

Summary

Alexander conquers the land of the Oreitae, whose unusual burial customs are described. Subsequently, the army enters the harsh desert of Gedrosia and faces a severe crisis due to starvation, prompting emergency supply shipments.

§17.105.1εἰς δὲ τὴν τῶν Ὠρειτῶν χώραν διὰ τῶν παρόδων παρεισελθὼν ταχέως ἅπασαν ὑπήκοον ἐποιήσατο.
And having entered into the country of the Oreitae through the passes, he quickly made it all subject.
οἱ δὲ Ὠρεῖται τὰ μὲν ἄλλα παραπλήσια τοῖς Ἰνδοῖς ἔχουσιν, ἓν δὲ ἐξηλλαγμένον καὶ παντελῶς ἄπιστον.
The Oreitae have their other customs very similar to the Indians, but one that is different and utterly incredible.
§17.105.2τῶν γὰρ τελευτησάντων παρʼ αὐτοῖς τὰ σώματα ἐκφέρουσιν οἱ συγγενεῖς γυμνοὶ λόγχας ἔχοντες, εἰς δὲ τοὺς ἐπὶ τῆς χώρας δρυμοὺς θέντες τὸ σῶμα τὸν μὲν περικείμενον τῷ νεκρῷ κόσμον περιαιροῦνται, τὸ δὲ σῶμα τοῦ τετελευτηκότος καταλείπουσι βορὰν τοῖς θηρίοις· τὰς δʼ ἐσθῆτας διελόμενοι θύουσι τοῖς κατὰ γῆν ἥρωσι καὶ τῶν οἰκείων ὑποδοχὴν ποιοῦνται.
For when anyone dies among them, the relatives carry out the bodies naked, holding spears, and having placed the body in the thickets of the country, they strip off the adornment lying around the dead body, but the body of the deceased they leave behind as food for the wild beasts; and having divided the clothes, they sacrifice to the heroes beneath the earth and hold a banquet for their relatives.
§17.105.3μετὰ δὲ ταῦθʼ ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος προῆγεν ἐπὶ τὴν Κεδρωσίαν, παρὰ θάλατταν τὴν πορείαν ποιούμενος, καὶ κατήντησεν εἰς ἔθνος ἄξενον καὶ παντελῶς θηριῶδες.
After this, Alexander advanced toward Gedrosia, making his journey along the sea, and arrived at an inhospitable and utterly beast-like nation.
§17.105.4τούς τε γὰρ ὄνυχας οἱ τῇδε κατοικοῦντες ἐκ γενετῆς αὔξουσι μέχρι γήρως καὶ τὸ τρίχωμα πεπιλωμένον ἐῶσι, τὸ δὲ χρῶμα διὰ τὴν τοῦ ἡλίου θερμότητα κατακεκαυμένον ἔχουσι καὶ δορὰς θηρίων περιβέβληνται.
For those inhabiting here let their nails grow from birth until old age and leave their hair matted like felt, and they have their color burnt black because of the heat of the sun and are clothed in the skins of wild beasts.
§17.105.5σιτοῦνται δὲ τὰ ἐκβαλλόμενα κήτη σαρκοφαγοῦντες καὶ τὰς οἰκήσεις κατασκευάζουσι τοὺς μὲν τοίχους ἀνοικοδομοῦντες, τὰς δʼ ὀροφὰς ἐκ τῶν τοῦ κήτους πλευρῶν, ἐξ ὧν ὀκτωκαιδεκαπήχεις δοκοὶ κατηρτίζοντο· ἀντὶ δὲ τῶν κεράμων ταῖς φολίσι τῶν ζῴων τὰς στέγας κατεκάλυπτον.
And they feed on cast-up whales, eating their flesh, and they construct their dwellings by building up the walls, and making the roofs out of the ribs of the whale, from which beams of eighteen cubits were fashioned; and instead of tiles, they covered the roofs with the scales of these animals.
§17.105.6ὁ δὲ Ἀλέξανδρος διελθὼν τοῦτο τὸ ἔθνος ἐπιπόνως διὰ σπάνιν τροφῆς ἐνέβαλεν εἰς χώραν ἔρημον καὶ πάντων τῶν εἰς τὸ ζῆν χρησίμων σπανίζουσαν.
Alexander, having passed through this nation with difficulty because of the scarcity of food, invaded a desert country, and one lacking in all things useful for life.
πολλῶν δὲ διὰ τὴν ἔνδειαν διαφθειρομένων ἥ τε δύναμις τῶν Μακεδόνων ἠθύμησεν καὶ ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος ἐνέπεσεν οὐκ εἰς τὴν τυχοῦσαν λύπην τε καὶ φροντίδα· δεινὸν γὰρ ἐφαίνετο τοὺς ἀρετῇ καὶ τοῖς ὅπλοις ἅπαντας ὑπερβαλομένους ἐν ἐρήμῳ χώρᾳ πάντων σπανίζοντας ἀκλεῶς ἀπόλλυσθαι.
As many were perishing because of the want, both the army of the Macedonians lost heart and Alexander fell into no ordinary grief and anxiety; for it seemed a terrible thing that those who surpassed all in valor and arms, lacking everything in a desert country, should perish ingloriously.
§17.105.7διόπερ εὐζώνους ἄνδρας ἐξέπεμψεν εἰς τὴν Παρθυαίαν καὶ Δραγγινὴν καὶ Ἀρίαν καὶ τὰς ἄλλας τὰς πλησιοχώρους τῇ ἐρήμῳ, προστάξας ταχέως ἀγαγεῖν ἐπὶ τὰς ἐμβολὰς τῆς Καρμανίας δρομάδας καμήλους καὶ τὰ νωτοφορεῖν εἰωθότα τῶν φορτίων, γεμίσαντας σίτου καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἐπιτηδείων.
Therefore, he sent out lightly-equipped men into Parthyaea, Drangiana, Aria, and the other regions bordering on the desert, ordering them to bring quickly to the passes of Carmania dromedary camels and those animals accustomed to carry loads on their backs, having loaded them with grain and other provisions.
§17.105.8οὗτοι μὲν οὖν ὀξέως διανύσαντες πρὸς τοὺς σατράπας τούτων τῶν ἐπαρχιῶν ἐποίησαν παρακομισθῆναι πολλὴν ἀγορὰν ἐπὶ τὸν ὡρισμένον τόπον.
These men, therefore, having quickly completed their journey to the satraps of these provinces, caused a great supply of provisions to be transported to the designated place.
ὁ δὲ Ἀλέξανδρος τὸ μὲν πρῶτον διὰ τὴν ἀβοήθητον ἔνδειαν πολλοὺς ἀπέβαλε τῶν στρατιωτῶν, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα κατὰ τὴν πορείαν ὄντος αὐτοῦ τῶν Ὠρειτῶν τινες ἐπιθέμενοι τοῖς περὶ τὸν Λεοννάτον τεταγμένοις καὶ συχνοὺς καταβαλόντες ἀπέφυγον εἰς τὴν ἑαυτῶν χώραν.
Alexander, at first, lost many of his soldiers because of the helpless want, but after this, while he was on the march, some of the Oreitae attacked those stationed around Leonnatus and, having struck down many, fled back into their own country.

Notes

  1. 17.105.1τὰ μὲν ἄλλα — An accusative of respect (or relationship) meaning "in other respects." It stands in contrast with the subsequent `ἓν δὲ` ("but one thing").
  2. 17.105.5ἐξ ὧν — The antecedent of the relative pronoun `ὧν` is the preceding feminine plural noun `πλευρῶν` ("ribs"). `ἐξ ὧν` ("from which") indicates the material or source.
  3. 17.105.6οὐκ εἰς τὴν τυχοῦσαν — A litotes using the negated participle of `τυγχάνω` (`τυχοῦσαν`), literally "not that which happens to meet," meaning "no ordinary" or "extraordinary." It emphasizes the intensity of Alexander's grief.
  4. 17.105.6δεινὸν γὰρ ἐφαίνετο τοὺς ἀρετῇ καὶ τοῖς ὅπλοις ἅπαντας ὑπερβαλομένους ἐν ἐρήμῳ χώρᾳ πάντων σπανίζοντας ἀκλεῶς ἀπόλλυσθαι — The subject of `ἐφαίνετο` ("it seemed") is the infinitive clause `ἀπόλλυσθαι` ("to perish"). The accusative participle phrase `τοὺς ... ὑπερβαλομένους ... σπανίζοντας` serves as the subject of this infinitive, forming an accusative-with-infinitive construction.
  5. 17.105.7τὰ νωτοφορεῖν εἰωθότα τῶν φορτίων — The infinitive of the compound verb `νωτοφορέω` ("to carry on the back") depends on `εἰωθότα` (perfect participle of `ἔθω`, meaning "accustomed"). `τῶν φορτίων` (genitive plural) indicates the loads, referring as a whole to the beasts accustomed to carry burdens on their backs.
  6. 17.105.8ἐποίησαν παρακομισθῆναι — A causative construction with `ποιέω` followed by the passive infinitive `παρακομισθῆναι`, meaning "they caused (a great supply) to be transported."

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §17.105.1-17.105.8. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc4:17.105.1-17.105.8

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