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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §14.83.1-14.83.7

The Battle of Nemea and the Naval Battle of Cnidus

Passage 377 of 723 · Greek

Summary

This passage describes the fierce battle between Sparta and the anti-Spartan alliance near the Nemea River, Agesilaus' march back from Asia, and the naval battle of Cnidus where the joint fleet of Conon and Pharnabazus defeated the Spartan fleet under Peisander.

§14.83.1Λακεδαιμόνιοι δʼ ὁρῶντες τὰς μεγίστας τῶν κατὰ τὴν Ἑλλάδα πόλεων ἐφʼ ἑαυτοὺς συνισταμένας, ἐψηφίσαντο τόν τε Ἀγησίλαον ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίας μεταπέμψασθαι καὶ τὴν μετʼ αὐτοῦ δύναμιν, αὐτοὶ δὲ ἐν τοσούτῳ παρά τε σφῶν καὶ τῶν συμμάχων ἀθροίσαντες πεζοὺς μὲν δισμυρίους τρισχιλίους, ἱππεῖς δὲ πεντακοσίους, ἀπήντησαν τοῖς πολεμίοις.
The Lacedaemonians, seeing the greatest of the cities in Greece uniting against them, voted to recall Agesilaus and his army from Asia, while in the meantime they themselves, having gathered twenty-three thousand infantry and five hundred cavalry from their own people and their allies, met the enemy.
§14.83.2γενομένης δὲ παρατάξεως παρὰ τὸν Νεμέαν ποταμὸν μέχρι νυκτός, ἑκατέρων προετέρησε τὰ μέρη τοῦ στρατεύματος· καὶ τῶν μὲν Λακεδαιμονίων καὶ τῶν συμμάχων ἔπεσον ἑκατὸν πρὸς τοῖς χιλίοις, Βοιωτῶν δὲ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων συμμάχων περὶ δισχιλίους ὀκτακοσίους.
A battle having taken place by the Nemea River until night, parts of the army of each side had the advantage; and of the Lacedaemonians and their allies eleven hundred fell, and of the Boeotians and the other allies about twenty-eight hundred.
§14.83.3Ἀγησίλαος δὲ τὴν δύναμιν ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίας διαβιβάσας εἰς τὴν Εὐρώπην, τὸ μὲν πρῶτον Θρᾳκῶν τινων ἀπαντησάντων αὐτῷ πολλῇ στρατιᾷ, μάχῃ τε ἐνίκησε καὶ τοὺς πλείστους τῶν βαρβάρων ἀνεῖλε· μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα διὰ Μακεδονίας τὴν πορείαν ἐποιεῖτο, τὴν αὐτὴν διεξιὼν χώραν ἣν καὶ Ξέρξης ἐπορεύθη, καθʼ ὃν καιρὸν ἐστράτευσεν ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας.
Agesilaus, having transported his army from Asia into Europe, at first, when some Thracians met him with a large army, defeated them in battle and slew most of the barbarians; after this, he made his march through Macedonia, passing through the same territory that Xerxes had marched through at the time when he campaigned against the Greeks.
§14.83.4Ἀγησίλαος μὲν οὖν διὰ Μακεδονίας καὶ Θετταλίας πορευθείς, ὡς διῆλθε τὰ περὶ Θερμοπύλας στενά, τὴν πορείαν ἐποιεῖτο.
Agesilaus, then, marching through Macedonia and Thessaly, when he had passed through the straits about Thermopylae, continued his march.
Κόνων δὲ ὁ Ἀθηναῖος καὶ Φαρνάβαζος ἀφηγοῦντο μὲν τοῦ βασιλικοῦ στόλου, διέτριβον δὲ περὶ Λώρυμα τῆς Χερρονήσου, τριήρεις ἔχοντες πλείους τῶν ἐνενήκοντα.
Conon the Athenian and Pharnabazus were commanding the King's fleet, and they were staying about Loryma of the Chersonese, having more than ninety triremes.
§14.83.5πυθόμενοι δὲ ἐν Κνίδῳ τὸ ναυτικὸν τῶν πολεμίων εἶναι, τὰ πρὸς τὴν ναυμαχίαν παρεσκευάζοντο.
Learning that the enemy's navy was at Cnidus, they prepared for the sea-fight.
Πείσανδρος δʼ ὁ τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων ναύαρχος ἐξέπλευσεν ἐκ τῆς Κνίδου τριήρεσιν ὀγδοήκοντα πέντε, καὶ κατηνέχθη πρὸς Φύσκον τῆς Χερρονήσου.
Peisander, the admiral of the Lacedaemonians, sailed out from Cnidus with eighty-five triremes, and came to land at Physcus of the Chersonese.
§14.83.6ἐκεῖθεν δʼ ἐκπλεύσας περιέπεσε τῷ στόλῳ τοῦ βασιλέως, καὶ ταῖς μὲν προπλεούσαις ναυσὶ συμβαλὼν προετέρει, τῶν δὲ Περσῶν ἅμα ταῖς τριήρεσιν ἀθρόαις παραβοηθησάντων, ἐπειδὴ πάντες οἱ σύμμαχοι πρὸς τὴν γῆν ἔφυγον, τὴν ἰδίαν ναῦν ἐπέστρεψεν, αἰσχρὸν εἶναι νομίσας καὶ τῆς Σπάρτης ἀνάξιον τὸ φυγεῖν ἀγεννῶς.
Sailing out from there, he fell in with the King's fleet, and joining battle with the ships sailing in advance, he at first had the advantage, but when the Persians came to assistance with all their triremes together, and when all the allies fled to the land, he turned his own ship back, thinking that to flee ignobly was shameful and unworthy of Sparta.
§14.83.7ἀγωνισάμενος δὲ λαμπρῶς καὶ πολλοὺς τῶν πολεμίων ἀνελών, τὸ τελευταῖον ἀξίως τῆς πατρίδος ἀνῃρέθη μαχόμενος.
Having fought brilliantly and slain many of the enemy, he was at last slain fighting in a manner worthy of his country.
οἱ δὲ περὶ τὸν Κόνωνα μέχρι τῆς γῆς καταδιώξαντες τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους πεντήκοντα μὲν τριήρων ἐκυρίευσαν, τῶν δʼ ἀνδρῶν οἱ πλεῖστοι μὲν ἐκκολυμβήσαντες κατὰ γῆν ἔφυγον, ἑάλωσαν δὲ περὶ πεντακοσίους· αἱ δὲ λοιπαὶ τριήρεις εἰς Κνίδον διεσώθησαν.
Conon and his men, having pursued the Lacedaemonians as far as the land, captured fifty triremes, and of the men, most escaped by swimming to the land, but about five hundred were captured; and the remaining triremes escaped safely to Cnidus.

Notes

  1. 14.83.2ἑκατέρων προετέρησε τὰ μέρη τοῦ στρατεύματος — The genitive ἑκατέρων modifies τὰ μέρη, meaning "parts of the army of each of the two sides." This indicates that different contingents of each army prevailed on different parts of the battlefield (e.g., each side's right wing defeating the opposing side's left wing).
  2. 14.83.6τὴν ἰδίαν ναῦν ἐπέστρεψεν — The verb ἐπέστρεψεν (from ἐπιστρέφω, "to turn around") indicates that while the allies fled, Peisander did not join the retreat but turned his own ship back to face the enemy for a final stand.

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §14.83.1-14.83.7. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc4:14.83.1-14.83.7

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