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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §13.24.1-13.24.6

Nicolaus on Sympathy for Suppliants and Prisoner Exchanges

Passage 203 of 723 · Greek

Summary

Nicolaus explains why conquerors should show mercy to the defeated, citing how supplication evokes human sympathy and recalling historical exchanges of captives between Sparta and Athens, while warning of the unpredictability of human fortune.

§13.24.1πάντες δὲ ἀνατείνονται μὲν πρὸς τοὺς ἀντιταττομένους, εἴκουσι δὲ τοῖς ὑποπεπτωκόσιν, ὧν μὲν τὴν τόλμαν καταπονοῦντες, ὧν δὲ τὴν ἀτυχίαν οἰκτείροντες.
And all men exert themselves against those who oppose them, but yield to those who have fallen, subduing the boldness of the former, but pitying the misfortune of the latter.
θραύεται γὰρ ἡμῶν ὁ θυμός, ὅταν ὁ πρότερον ἐχθρὸς ὢν ἐκ μεταβολῆς ἱκέτης γενόμενος ὑπομένῃ παθεῖν ὅ,τι ἂν δοκῇ τοῖς κρατοῦσιν.
For our anger is broken when he who was formerly an enemy, having by a change of fortune become a suppliant, submits to suffer whatever may seem good to the conquerors.
§13.24.2ἁλίσκονται δʼ, οἶμαι, τῶν ἡμέρων ἀνδρῶν αἱ ψυχαὶ μάλιστά πως ἐλέῳ διὰ τὴν κοινὴν τῆς φύσεως ὁμοπάθειαν.
And, I think, the souls of gentle men are captured especially, somehow, by pity because of the common fellow-feeling of nature.
Ἀθηναῖοι γὰρ κατὰ τὸν Πελοποννησιακὸν πόλεμον εἰς τὴν Σφακτηρίαν νῆσον πολλοὺς τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων κατακλείσαντες καὶ λαβόντες αἰχμαλώτους ἀπελύτρωσαν τοῖς Σπαρτιάταις.
For the Athenians, during the Peloponnesian War, having shut up many of the Lacedaemonians on the island of Sphacteria and having taken them captive, released them to the Spartans.
§13.24.3πάλιν Λακεδαιμόνιοι πολλοὺς τῶν Ἀθηναίων καὶ τῶν συμμάχων αἰχμαλωτισάμενοι παραπλησίως ἐχρήσαντο.
In turn, the Lacedaemonians, having captured many of the Athenians and of their allies, treated them in a similar manner.
καὶ καλῶς ἀμφότεροι ταῦτʼ ἔπραξαν.
And both did this honorably.
δεῖ γὰρ τοῖς Ἕλλησι τὴν ἔχθραν εἶναι μέχρι τῆς νίκης, καὶ κολάζειν μέχρι τοῦ κρατῆσαι τῶν ἐναντίων.
For among Greeks, enmity ought to exist only until victory, and punishment only until conquering the opponents.
§13.24.4ὁ δὲ περαιτέρω τὸν ὑποπεσόντα καὶ πρὸς τὴν τοῦ κρατοῦντος εὐγνωμοσύνην προσφεύγοντα τιμωρούμενος οὐκέτι τὸν ἐχθρὸν κολάζει, πολὺ δὲ μᾶλλον ἀδικεῖ τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην ἀσθένειαν.
But he who punishes beyond this point one who has fallen and fled to the fair-mindedness of the conqueror is no longer punishing an enemy, but is much rather committing an injustice against human weakness.
§13.24.5εἴποι γὰρ ἄν τις πρὸς τὴν τοῦ τοιούτου σκληρότητα τὰς τῶν πάλαι σοφῶν ἀποφάσεις, ἄνθρωπε, μὴ μέγα φρόνει, γνῶθι σαυτόν, ἰδὲ τὴν τύχην ἁπάντων οὖσαν κυρίαν. τίνος γὰρ χάριν οἱ πρόγονοι πάντων τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐν ταῖς κατὰ πόλεμον νίκαις κατέδειξαν οὐ διὰ λίθων, διὰ δὲ τῶν τυχόντων ξύλων ἱστάναι τὰ τρόπαια;
For one might speak, against the cruelty of such a man, the sayings of the wise men of old: "O man, do not be arrogant, know thyself, see that fortune is mistress of all." For for what reason did the ancestors of all the Greeks establish the custom, in victories in war, to erect trophies not made of stone, but of ordinary wood?
§13.24.6ἆρʼ οὐχ ὅπως ὀλίγον χρόνον διαμένοντα ταχέως ἀφανίζηται τὰ τῆς ἔχθρας ὑπομνήματα;
Was it not in order that, remaining for only a short time, the memorials of enmity might quickly disappear?
καθόλου δʼ εἰ μὲν αἰώνιον ἵστασθαι τὴν διαφορὰν βούλεσθε, μάθετε τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην ἀσθένειαν ὑπερφρονοῦντες· εἷς γὰρ καιρὸς καὶ βραχεῖα ῥοπὴ τύχης ταπεινοῖ πολλάκις τοὺς ὑπερηφάνους.
And in general, if you wish your difference to stand eternal, learn, you who despise human weakness: for a single moment and a brief turn of fortune often humbles the arrogant.

Notes

  1. 13.24.1ὧν μὲν ... ὧν δὲ ... — The two relative pronouns in the genitive, ὧν, refer back to their respective antecedents in the preceding sentence, τοὺς ἀντιταττομένους ("those who oppose") and τοῖς ὑποπεπτωκόσιν ("those who have fallen"). They function as possessive genitives modifying the nouns τὴν τόλμαν ("boldness") and τὴν ἀτυχίαν ("misfortune"), which are the objects of the participles.
  2. 13.24.3τοῖς Ἕλλησι — While the impersonal verb δεῖ normally takes an accusative with infinitive (A.c.I.) construction, here τοῖς Ἕλλησι is used as a dative of possession with the infinitive εἶναι, meaning "enmity ought to exist for/among Greeks." Alternatively, it can be understood as δεῖ taking the dative directly ("it is necessary for Greeks") with the infinitive clause supplementing it.
  3. 13.24.6ὑπερφρονοῦντες — The participle ὑπερφρονοῦντες can be interpreted either as a supplementary participle with the verb μάθετε ("realize/know that you are despising human weakness") or as a circumstantial participle agreeing with the subject ("learn [your lesson], you who despise human weakness"). The latter interpretation (circumstantial participle with a semi-vocative or admonishing tone) is adopted here as it best fits the rhetorical context of warning against arrogance.

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §13.24.1-13.24.6. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc4:13.24.1-13.24.6

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