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Diodorus Siculus · Bibliotheca Historica §13.107.1-13.107.5

Siege and Surrender of Athens and End of the War

Passage 286 of 723 · Greek

Summary

Faced with defeat, the Athenians abandon the sea to focus on land defense, but under a Spartan siege and naval blockade they suffer a severe famine, eventually surrendering to end the 27-year Peloponnesian War.

§13.107.1Ἀθηναῖοι δὲ τὴν τῶν δυνάμεων φθορὰν ἀκούσαντες τοῦ μὲν ἀντέχεσθαι τῆς θαλάττης ἀπέστησαν, περὶ δὲ τὴν τῶν τειχῶν κατασκευὴν ἐγίνοντο καὶ τοὺς λιμένας ἀπεχώννυον, ἐλπίζοντες, ὅπερ ἦν εἰκός, εἰς πολιορκίαν καταστήσεσθαι.
The Athenians, having heard of the destruction of their forces, desisted from holding to the sea and busied themselves with the construction of the walls and blocked up the harbors, expecting, as indeed was likely, that they would be reduced to a state of siege.
§13.107.2εὐθὺ γὰρ οἱ μὲν τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων βασιλεῖς Ἆγις καὶ Παυσανίας μετὰ πολλῆς δυνάμεως ἐμβαλόντες εἰς τὴν Ἀττικὴν πρὸς τοῖς τείχεσιν ἐστρατοπέδευον, Λύσανδρος δὲ πλέον ἢ διακοσίαις τριήρεσιν εἰς τὸν Πειραιέα κατέπλευσεν.
For immediately the kings of the Lacedaemonians, Agis and Pausanias, having invaded Attica with a large force, encamped near the walls, while Lysander sailed into the Peiraeus with more than two hundred triremes.
οἱ δʼ Ἀθηναῖοι τηλικούτοις περιεχόμενοι κακοῖς ὅμως ἀντεῖχον, καὶ ῥᾳδίως τὴν πόλιν παρεφύλαττον ἐπί τινα χρόνον.
The Athenians, though surrounded by such great evils, nevertheless held out and easily guarded the city for some time.
§13.107.3τοῖς δὲ Πελοποννησίοις ἔδοξεν, ἐπείπερ δυσχερὴς ἦν ἡ πολιορκία, τὰς μὲν δυνάμεις ἀπαγαγεῖν ἐκ τῆς Ἀττικῆς, ταῖς δὲ ναυσὶ μακρὰν ἐφεδρεύειν, ὅπως αὐτοῖς μὴ παρακομισθῇ σῖτος.
But it seemed best to the Peloponnesians, since the siege was difficult, to withdraw their forces from Attica and keep watch with their ships from a distance, so that no grain might be brought in to them.
§13.107.4οὗ συντελεσθέντος, οἱ μὲν Ἀθηναῖοι εἰς δεινὴν σπάνιν ἐνέπεσον ἁπάντων μέν, μάλιστα δὲ τροφῆς διὰ τὸ ταύτην ἀεὶ κατὰ θάλατταν αὐτοῖς κομίζεσθαι.
When this was carried out, the Athenians fell into a terrible scarcity of all things, but especially of food, because this had always been brought to them by sea.
ἐπιτείνοντος δὲ τοῦ δεινοῦ καθʼ ἡμέραν, ἡ μὲν πόλις ἔγεμε νεκρῶν, οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ διαπρεσβευσάμενοι πρὸς Λακεδαιμονίους συνέθεντο τὴν εἰρήνην, ὥστε τὰ μακρὰ σκέλη καὶ τὰ τείχη τοῦ Πειραιέως περιελεῖν, καὶ μακρὰς ναῦς μὴ πλεῖον ἔχειν δέκα, τῶν δὲ πόλεων πασῶν ἐκχωρῆσαι καὶ Λακεδαιμονίοις ἡγεμόσι χρῆσθαι.
As the distress intensified day by day, the city became full of corpses, while the survivors, having sent ambassadors to the Lacedaemonians, concluded peace, on condition that they should demolish the Long Walls and the fortifications of the Peiraeus, and keep no more than ten warships, and withdraw from all their cities and accept the leadership of the Lacedaemonians.
§13.107.5ὁ μὲν οὖν Πελοποννησιακὸς πόλεμος, μακρότατος γενόμενος ὧν ἴσμεν, τοιοῦτον ἔσχε τὸ τέλος, ἔτη διαμείνας ἑπτὰ πρὸς τοῖς εἴκοσι.
Thus the Peloponnesians War, which was the longest of any of which we know, had such an end, having lasted for twenty-seven years.

Notes

  1. 13.107.1εἰς πολιορκίαν καταστήσεσθαι — A future infinitive phrase serving as the object of the participle `ἐλπίζοντες` (expecting). Its subject is the accusative ` there own (Athenians)`, which is omitted because it is identical to the subject of the main clause. `καταστήσεσθαι` is the future middle infinitive of `καθίσταμαι`, here used in an intransitive sense ('to be reduced to/to fall into').
  2. 13.107.3τοῖς δὲ Πελοποννησίοις ἔδοξεν — An impersonal construction of `ἔδοξε` (it seemed best / it was resolved). The dative `τοῖς Πελοποννησίοις` indicates the agents of the decision ('to the Peloponnesians'), and the actual subjects are the subsequent infinitive clauses `ἀπαγαγεῖν` (to withdraw) and `ἐφεδρεύειν` (to lie in wait/keep watch).
  3. 13.107.4ὥστε — A conjunction introducing a clause of result or condition, here meaning 'on condition that' or 'to the effect that'. It governs the series of following infinitives (`περιελεῖν`, `ἔχειν`, `ἐκχωρῆσαι`, and `χρῆσθαι`), which lay out the specific terms of the peace treaty.
  4. 13.107.5ὧν ἴσμεν — A relative clause modifying the superlative `μακρότατος` (the longest). The relative pronoun `ὧν` has been attracted into the genitive from an expected accusative `ἃ` (which) by attraction to its implied antecedent (of the wars). It stands for a fuller expression like `μακρότατος τῶν πολέμων οὓς ἴσμεν` (the longest of the wars of which we know).

Cite this passage

Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica §13.107.1-13.107.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.humanitext-grc4:13.107.1-13.107.5

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