§58ΤΙ. οὕτω δὴ στάσιν μὲν ἐν ὁμαλότητι, κίνησιν δὲ εἰς ἀνωμαλότητα ἀεὶ τιθῶμεν· αἰτία δὲ ἀνισότης αὖ τῆς ἀνωμάλου φύσεως.
TI. Therefore let us always set rest in uniformity, and motion in non-uniformity; and the cause of non-uniform nature is, in turn, inequality.
ἀνισότητος δὲ γένεσιν μὲν διεληλύθαμεν· πῶς δέ ποτε οὐ κατὰ γένη διαχωρισθέντα ἕκαστα πέπαυται τῆς διʼ ἀλλήλων κινήσεως καὶ φορᾶς, οὐκ εἴπομεν.
We have already discussed the generation of inequality; but how it is that these things, having been separated according to their classes, have not each ceased from their motion and transport through one another, we have not yet said.
ὧδε οὖν πάλιν ἐροῦμεν.
Let us, then, speak of it again as follows.
ἡ τοῦ παντὸς περίοδος, ἐπειδὴ συμπεριέλαβεν τὰ γένη, κυκλοτερὴς οὖσα καὶ πρὸς αὑτὴν πεφυκυῖα βούλεσθαι συνιέναι, σφίγγει πάντα καὶ κενὴν χώραν οὐδεμίαν ἐᾷ λείπεσθαι.
The rotation of the universe, since it has comprehended the classes, being circular and having a natural tendency to wish to come together toward itself, constricts all things and allows no empty space to be left.
διὸ δὴ πῦρ μὲν εἰς ἅπαντα διελήλυθε μάλιστα, ἀὴρ δὲ δεύτερον, ὡς λεπτότητι δεύτερον ἔφυ, καὶ τἆλλα ταύτῃ· τὰ γὰρ ἐκ μεγίστων μερῶν γεγονότα μεγίστην κενότητα ἐν τῇ συστάσει παραλέλοιπεν, τὰ δὲ σμικρότατα ἐλαχίστην.
Therefore indeed, fire has penetrated most of all into all things, and air second, as it is second in fineness by nature, and the others in this way; for those things which have been generated from the largest parts have left the largest empty space in their composition, while the smallest have left the least.
ἡ δὴ τῆς πιλήσεως σύνοδος τὰ σμικρὰ εἰς τὰ τῶν μεγάλων διάκενα συνωθεῖ.
This compression of condensing, then, forces the small things into the intervals of the large ones.
σμικρῶν οὖν παρὰ μεγάλα τιθεμένων καὶ τῶν ἐλαττόνων τὰ μείζονα διακρινόντων, τῶν δὲ μειζόνων ἐκεῖνα συγκρινόντων, πάντʼ ἄνω κάτω μεταφέρεται πρὸς τοὺς ἑαυτῶν τόπους· μεταβάλλον γὰρ τὸ μέγεθος ἕκαστον καὶ τὴν τόπων μεταβάλλει στάσιν.
Therefore, when the small are placed beside the large, and the smaller ones decompose the larger ones, while the larger ones combine the smaller ones, all things are carried up and down to their own places; for each, as it changes its magnitude, also changes the position of its places.
οὕτω δὴ διὰ ταῦτά τε ἡ τῆς ἀνωμαλότητος διασῳζομένη γένεσις ἀεὶ τὴν ἀεὶ κίνησιν τούτων οὖσαν ἐσομένην τε ἐνδελεχῶς παρέχεται.
In this way, then, and through these causes, the generation of non-uniformity being preserved continually provides that the motion of these things always exists and will exist without ceasing.
μετὰ δὴ ταῦτα δεῖ νοεῖν ὅτι πυρός τε γένη πολλὰ γέγονεν, οἷον φλὸξ τό τε ἀπὸ τῆς φλογὸς ἀπιόν, ὃ κάει μὲν οὔ, φῶς δὲ τοῖς ὄμμασιν παρέχει, τό τε φλογὸς ἀποσβεσθείσης ἐν τοῖς διαπύροις καταλειπόμενον αὐτοῦ·
After these things, we must conceive that many classes of fire have been generated: for example, flame, and that which issues from flame, which does not burn but provides light to the eyes, and that which, when the flame is extinguished, is left behind of it in the glowing embers.
κατὰ ταὐτὰ δὲ ἀέρος, τὸ μὲν εὐαγέστατον ἐπίκλην αἰθὴρ καλούμενος, ὁ δὲ θολερώτατος ὁμίχλη τε καὶ σκότος, ἕτερά τε ἀνώνυμα εἴδη, γεγονότα διὰ τὴν τῶν τριγώνων ἀνισότητα.
In the same way with air: the clearest part is called by the name of ether, while the most turbid is mist and darkness, and there are other nameless forms generated because of the inequality of the triangles.
τὰ δὲ ὕδατος διχῇ μὲν πρῶτον, τὸ μὲν ὑγρόν, τὸ δὲ χυτὸν γένος αὐτοῦ.
As for water, it is first divided in two: the liquid and the fusible class of it.
τὸ μὲν οὖν ὑγρὸν διὰ τὸ μετέχον εἶναι τῶν γενῶν τῶν ὕδατος ὅσα σμικρά, ἀνίσων ὄντων, κινητικὸν αὐτό τε καθʼ αὑτὸ καὶ ὑπʼ ἄλλου διὰ τὴν ἀνωμαλότητα καὶ τὴν τοῦ σχήματος ἰδέαν γέγονεν·
The liquid, indeed, because it participates in those classes of water which are small, being unequal, has become mobile both by itself and by another because of its non-uniformity and the shape of its form; whereas that which is composed of large and uniform parts is more stable than the former and heavy, being congealed by uniformity.
τὸ δὲ ἐκ μεγάλων καὶ ὁμαλῶν στασιμώτερον μὲν ἐκείνου καὶ βαρὺ πεπηγὸς ὑπὸ ὁμαλότητός ἐστιν, ὑπὸ δὲ πυρὸς εἰσιόντος καὶ διαλύοντος αὐτὸ τὴν ὁμαλότητα ἀποβάλλει, ταύτην δὲ ἀπολέσαν μετίσχει μᾶλλον κινήσεως, γενόμενον δὲ εὐκίνητον, ὑπὸ τοῦ πλησίον ἀέρος ὠθούμενον καὶ κατατεινόμενον ἐπὶ γῆν, τήκεσθαι μὲν τὴν τῶν ὄγκων καθαίρεσιν, ῥοὴν δὲ τὴν κατάτασιν ἐπὶ γῆν ἐπωνυμίαν ἑκατέρου τοῦ πάθους ἔλαβεν.
But when fire enters and dissolves it, it abandons its uniformity; and having lost this, it participates more in motion, and having become mobile, being pushed by the neighboring air and stretched out upon the earth, it received the name of 'melting' for the destruction of its bulks, and 'flowing' for its stretching out upon the earth, for each of these affections.
§59ΤΙ. πάλιν δʼ ἐκπίπτοντος αὐτόθεν τοῦ πυρός, ἅτε οὐκ εἰς κενὸν ἐξιόντος, ὠθούμενος ὁ πλησίον ἀὴρ εὐκίνητον ὄντα ἔτι τὸν ὑγρὸν ὄγκον εἰς τὰς τοῦ πυρὸς ἕδρας συνωθῶν αὐτὸν αὑτῷ συμμείγνυσιν·
TI. But again, when the fire issues out from there, since it does not go out into a vacuum, the neighboring air is pushed, and pushing the liquid mass which is still mobile into the seats of the fire, mixes it with itself.
ὁ δὲ συνωθούμενος ἀπολαμβάνων τε τὴν ὁμαλότητα πάλιν, ἅτε τοῦ τῆς ἀνωμαλότητος δημιουργοῦ πυρὸς ἀπιόντος, εἰς ταὐτὸν αὑτῷ καθίσταται.
And that which is pushed together, receiving uniformity back again, since fire, the craftsman of non-uniformity, has departed, settles into the same state as itself.
καὶ τὴν μὲν τοῦ πυρὸς ἀπαλλαγὴν ψῦξιν, τὴν δὲ σύνοδον ἀπελθόντος ἐκείνου πεπηγὸς εἶναι γένος προσερρήθη.
And the departure of fire was called 'cooling,' and the coming together when that has gone was named 'congealed' class.
τούτων δὴ πάντων ὅσα χυτὰ προσείπομεν ὕδατα, τὸ μὲν ἐκ λεπτοτάτων καὶ ὁμαλωτάτων πυκνότατον γιγνόμενον, μονοειδὲς γένος, στίλβοντι καὶ ξανθῷ χρώματι κοινωθέν, τιμαλφέστατον κτῆμα χρυσὸς ἠθημένος διὰ πέτρας ἐπάγη·
Of all these waters which we have called fusible, that which is generated as the densest from the finest and most uniform parts, being of a single kind, combined with a glistening and yellow color, a most precious possession, gold, has congealed after being filtered through rock.
χρυσοῦ δὲ ὄζος, διὰ πυκνότητα σκληρότατον ὂν καὶ μελανθέν, ἀδάμας ἐκλήθη.
And the offshoot of gold, which is extremely hard because of its density and has become dark, was called adamant.
τὸ δʼ ἐγγὺς μὲν χρυσοῦ τῶν μερῶν, εἴδη δὲ πλείονα ἑνὸς ἔχον, πυκνότητι δέ, τῇ μὲν χρυσοῦ πυκνότερον ὄν, καὶ γῆς μόριον ὀλίγον καὶ λεπτὸν μετασχόν, ὥστε σκληρότερον εἶναι, τῷ δὲ μεγάλα ἐντὸς αὑτοῦ διαλείμματα ἔχειν κουφότερον, τῶν λαμπρῶν πηκτῶν τε ἓν γένος ὑδάτων χαλκὸς συσταθεὶς γέγονεν·
On the other hand, that which is close to gold in its parts, but having more than one form, and in density being in one way denser than gold, and participating in a small and fine portion of earth so as to be harder, but in another way being lighter because of having large intervals within itself, one class of the bright and congealed waters, copper, was composed and generated.
τὸ δʼ ἐκ γῆς αὐτῷ μειχθέν, ὅταν παλαιουμένω διαχωρίζησθον πάλιν ἀπʼ ἀλλήλων, ἐκφανὲς καθʼ αὑτὸ γιγνόμενον ἰὸς λέγεται.
And the portion of earth mixed with it, when they separate again from one another as it grows old, becoming manifest by itself, is called rust.
τἆλλα δὲ τῶν τοιούτων οὐδὲν ποικίλον ἔτι διαλογίσασθαι τὴν τῶν εἰκότων μύθων μεταδιώκοντα ἰδέαν· ἣν ὅταν τις ἀναπαύσεως ἕνεκα τοὺς περὶ τῶν ὄντων ἀεὶ καταθέμενος λόγους, τοὺς γενέσεως πέρι διαθεώμενος εἰκότας ἀμεταμέλητον ἡδονὴν κτᾶται, μέτριον ἂν ἐν τῷ βίῳ παιδιὰν καὶ φρόνιμον ποιοῖτο.
Concerning other things of this kind, there is no longer anything complex to reason out if one pursues the form of probable myths; for when someone, for the sake of recreation, lays aside the discourses concerning eternal things, and contemplating the probable ones concerning generation, acquires a pleasure of which there is no regret, he would make for himself a moderate and wise amusement in life.
ταύτῃ δὴ καὶ τὰ νῦν ἐφέντες τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο τῶν αὐτῶν πέρι τὰ ἑξῆς εἰκότα δίιμεν τῇδε.
Yielding to this now, let us go through the next probable things in order concerning the same matters as follows.
τὸ πυρὶ μεμειγμένον ὕδωρ, ὅσον λεπτὸν ὑγρόν τε διὰ τὴν κίνησιν καὶ τὴν ὁδὸν ἣν κυλινδούμενον ἐπὶ γῆς ὑγρὸν λέγεται, μαλακόν τε αὖ τῷ τὰς βάσεις ἧττον ἑδραίους οὔσας ἢ τὰς γῆς ὑπείκειν, τοῦτο ὅταν πυρὸς ἀποχωρισθὲν ἀέρος τε μονωθῇ, γέγονεν μὲν ὁμαλώτερον, συνέωσται δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ἐξιόντων εἰς αὑτό, παγέν τε οὕτως τὸ μὲν ὑπὲρ γῆς μάλιστα παθὸν ταῦτα χάλαζα, τὸ δʼ ἐπὶ γῆς κρύσταλλος, τὸ δὲ ἧττον, ἡμιπαγές τε ὂν ἔτι, τὸ μὲν ὑπὲρ γῆς αὖ χιών, τὸ δʼ ἐπὶ γῆς συμπαγὲν ἐκ δρόσου γενόμενον πάχνη λέγεται.
The water mixed with fire, as much of it as is fine and liquid because of its motion and the path by which it rolls upon the earth is called liquid, and soft, in turn, because its bases, being less stable than those of earth, yield, this, when separated from fire and isolated from air, has become more uniform, and has been pushed together by those things exiting into itself, and having been congealed in this way, that which has suffered these things most above the earth is hail, and that upon the earth is ice; while that which has suffered less, being still half-congealed, that above the earth, in turn, is snow, and that congealed upon the earth from dew is called hoar-frost.