§48ΤΙ. μεμειγμένη γὰρ οὖν ἡ τοῦδε τοῦ κόσμου γένεσις ἐξ ἀνάγκης τε καὶ νοῦ συστάσεως ἐγεννήθη· νοῦ δὲ ἀνάγκης ἄρχοντος τῷ πείθειν αὐτὴν τῶν γιγνομένων τὰ πλεῖστα ἐπὶ τὸ βέλτιστον ἄγειν, ταύτῃ κατὰ ταῦτά τε διʼ ἀνάγκης ἡττωμένης ὑπὸ πειθοῦς ἔμφρονος οὕτω κατʼ ἀρχὰς συνίστατο τόδε τὸ πᾶν.
For the generation of this world was born mixed, from the combination of necessity and mind; and since mind was ruling over necessity by persuading it to lead most of the things that come to be toward the best, in this way and according to these things, as necessity was defeated by wise persuasion, this universe was thus constructed in the beginning.
εἴ τις οὖν ᾗ γέγονεν κατὰ ταῦτα ὄντως ἐρεῖ, μεικτέον καὶ τὸ τῆς πλανωμένης εἶδος αἰτίας, ᾗ φέρειν πέφυκεν· ὧδε οὖν πάλιν ἀναχωρητέον, καὶ λαβοῦσιν αὐτῶν τούτων προσήκουσαν ἑτέραν ἀρχὴν αὖθις αὖ, καθάπερ περὶ τῶν τότε νῦν οὕτω περὶ τούτων πάλιν ἀρκτέον ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς.
If, therefore, one is to state how it truly came to be according to these things, one must also mix in the form of the wandering cause, in the way it is naturally minded to bear; thus we must return again, and taking another suitable starting point for these very things once more, we must begin again from the beginning concerning them, just as we did concerning those things before.
τὴν δὴ πρὸ τῆς οὐρανοῦ γενέσεως πυρὸς ὕδατός τε καὶ ἀέρος καὶ γῆς φύσιν θεατέον αὐτὴν καὶ τὰ πρὸ τούτου πάθη· νῦν γὰρ οὐδείς πω γένεσιν αὐτῶν μεμήνυκεν, ἀλλʼ ὡς εἰδόσιν πῦρ ὅτι ποτέ ἐστιν καὶ ἕκαστον αὐτῶν λέγομεν ἀρχὰς αὐτὰ τιθέμενοι στοιχεῖα τοῦ παντός, προσῆκον αὐτοῖς οὐδʼ ἂν ὡς ἐν συλλαβῆς εἴδεσιν μόνον εἰκότως ὑπὸ τοῦ καὶ βραχὺ φρονοῦντος ἀπεικασθῆναι.
We must indeed observe the nature of fire, water, air, and earth itself prior to the generation of heaven, and their properties prior to this; for as of now no one has yet declared their generation, but we speak as if people knew what fire and each of them is, positing them as principles and elements of the universe, whereas they ought not, by anyone with even a little intelligence, to be reasonably compared even to the form of syllables.
νῦν δὲ οὖν τό γε παρʼ ἡμῶν ὧδε ἐχέτω· τὴν μὲν περὶ ἁπάντων εἴτε ἀρχὴν εἴτε ἀρχὰς εἴτε ὅπῃ δοκεῖ τούτων πέρι τὸ νῦν οὐ ῥητέον, διʼ ἄλλο μὲν οὐδέν, διὰ δὲ τὸ χαλεπὸν εἶναι κατὰ τὸν παρόντα τρόπον τῆς διεξόδου δηλῶσαι τὰ δοκοῦντα, μήτʼ οὖν ὑμεῖς οἴεσθε δεῖν ἐμὲ λέγειν, οὔτʼ αὐτὸς αὖ πείθειν ἐμαυτὸν εἴην ἂν δυνατὸς ὡς ὀρθῶς ἐγχειροῖμʼ ἂν τοσοῦτον ἐπιβαλλόμενος ἔργον·
But for now, let our position be as follows: we must not at present speak of the principle or principles of all things, or whatever is thought about them, for no other reason than that it is difficult to make clear what we think according to our present method of exposition; neither, then, should you think that I ought to speak, nor could I myself persuade myself that I should be right in attempting to lay hands upon so great a task.
τὸ δὲ κατʼ ἀρχὰς ῥηθὲν διαφυλάττων, τὴν τῶν εἰκότων λόγων δύναμιν, πειράσομαι μηδενὸς ἧττον εἰκότα, μᾶλλον δέ, καὶ ἔμπροσθεν ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς περὶ ἑκάστων καὶ συμπάντων λέγειν.
But preserving what was said at the beginning, namely the power of likely accounts, I will try to speak in a way no less likely, but rather more so, from the beginning about each and all of them.
θεὸν δὴ καὶ νῦν ἐπʼ ἀρχῇ τῶν λεγομένων σωτῆρα ἐξ ἀτόπου καὶ ἀήθους διηγήσεως πρὸς τὸ τῶν εἰκότων δόγμα διασῴζειν ἡμᾶς ἐπικαλεσάμενοι πάλιν ἀρχώμεθα λέγειν.
Indeed, now too, at the beginning of our discourse, having called upon God to be our savior and to deliver us from an absurd and unusual exposition and bring us safe to the doctrine of likely accounts, let us begin to speak once more.
ἡ δʼ οὖν αὖθις ἀρχὴ περὶ τοῦ παντὸς ἔστω μειζόνως τῆς πρόσθεν διῃρημένη· τότε μὲν γὰρ δύο εἴδη διειλόμεθα, νῦν δὲ τρίτον ἄλλο γένος ἡμῖν δηλωτέον.
At any rate, let our new beginning concerning the universe be more finely divided than the previous one; for then we distinguished two forms, but now we must reveal a third, different class.
§49ΤΙ. τὰ μὲν γὰρ δύο ἱκανὰ ἦν ἐπὶ τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν λεχθεῖσιν, ἓν μὲν ὡς παραδείγματος εἶδος ὑποτεθέν, νοητὸν καὶ ἀεὶ κατὰ ταὐτὰ ὄν, μίμημα δὲ παραδείγματος δεύτερον, γένεσιν ἔχον καὶ ὁρατόν.
For the two were sufficient for what was said before: one posited as the form of the model, intelligible and always in the same state, and the second as the imitation of the model, having generation and being visible.
τρίτον δὲ τότε μὲν οὐ διειλόμεθα, νομίσαντες τὰ δύο ἕξειν ἱκανῶς· νῦν δὲ ὁ λόγος ἔοικεν εἰσαναγκάζειν χαλεπὸν καὶ ἀμυδρὸν εἶδος ἐπιχειρεῖν λόγοις ἐμφανίσαι.
But a third we did not then distinguish, thinking that the two would be sufficient; but now, the argument seems to compel us to attempt to make clear in words a difficult and obscure form.
τίνʼ οὖν ἔχον δύναμιν καὶ φύσιν αὐτὸ ὑποληπτέον;
What power and nature, then, must we conceive it to possess?
τοιάνδε μάλιστα· πάσης εἶναι γενέσεως ὑποδοχὴν αὐτὴν οἷον τιθήνην.
Especially this: that it is the receptacle of all generation, as it were its nurse.
εἴρηται μὲν οὖν τἀληθές, δεῖ δὲ ἐναργέστερον εἰπεῖν περὶ αὐτοῦ, χαλεπὸν δὲ ἄλλως τε καὶ διότι προαπορηθῆναι περὶ πυρὸς καὶ τῶν μετὰ πυρὸς ἀναγκαῖον τούτου χάριν·
The truth indeed has been spoken, but we must speak about it more clearly, and this is difficult, especially because it is necessary for this purpose to first raise difficulties about fire and the things with fire.
τούτων γὰρ εἰπεῖν ἕκαστον ὁποῖον ὄντως ὕδωρ χρὴ λέγειν μᾶλλον ἢ πῦρ, καὶ ὁποῖον ὁτιοῦν μᾶλλον ἢ καὶ ἅπαντα καθʼ ἕκαστόν τε, οὕτως ὥστε τινὶ πιστῷ καὶ βεβαίῳ χρήσασθαι λόγῳ, χαλεπόν.
For it is difficult to say, regarding each of these, which one we should really call water rather than fire, and which one we should call any other thing rather than all of them and each individually, in such a way as to use a trustworthy and stable account.
πῶς οὖν δὴ τοῦτʼ αὐτὸ καὶ πῇ καὶ τί περὶ αὐτῶν εἰκότως διαπορηθέντες ἂν λέγοιμεν;
How indeed and in what way and what likely difficulties should we raise about them in our discussion?
πρῶτον μέν, ὃ δὴ νῦν ὕδωρ ὠνομάκαμεν, πηγνύμενον ὡς δοκοῦμεν λίθους καὶ γῆν γιγνόμενον ὁρῶμεν, τηκόμενον δὲ καὶ διακρινόμενον αὖ ταὐτὸν τοῦτο πνεῦμα καὶ ἀέρα, συγκαυθέντα δὲ ἀέρα πῦρ, ἀνάπαλιν δὲ συγκριθὲν καὶ κατασβεσθὲν εἰς ἰδέαν τε ἀπιὸν αὖθις ἀέρος πῦρ, καὶ πάλιν ἀέρα συνιόντα καὶ πυκνούμενον νέφος καὶ ὁμίχλην, ἐκ δὲ τούτων ἔτι μᾶλλον συμπιλουμένων ῥέον ὕδωρ, ἐξ ὕδατος δὲ γῆν καὶ λίθους αὖθις, κύκλον τε οὕτω διαδιδόντα εἰς ἄλληλα, ὡς φαίνεται, τὴν γένεσιν.
First, indeed, that which we have now named water, when compacted, we see, as we suppose, becoming stones and earth; and when dissolved and dispersed, this same thing again becomes wind and air, and air when burnt up becomes fire, and conversely, fire when compacted and quenched returns again to the form of air, and again, air when coming together and condensing becomes cloud and mist, and from these when still further compressed, flowing water, and from water, earth and stones again, thus passing on their generation to one another in a circle, as it appears.
οὕτω δὴ τούτων οὐδέποτε τῶν αὐτῶν ἑκάστων φανταζομένων, ποῖον αὐτῶν ὡς ὂν ὁτιοῦν τοῦτο καὶ οὐκ ἄλλο παγίως διισχυριζόμενος οὐκ αἰσχυνεῖταί τις ἑαυτόν;
Since, then, these things never appear as the same, which of them can anyone firmly assert to be definitely this and not something else, without feeling ashamed of himself?
οὐκ ἔστιν, ἀλλʼ ἀσφαλέστατα μακρῷ περὶ τούτων τιθεμένους ὧδε λέγειν· ἀεὶ ὃ καθορῶμεν ἄλλοτε ἄλλῃ γιγνόμενον, ὡς πῦρ, μὴ τοῦτο ἀλλὰ τὸ τοιοῦτον ἑκάστοτε προσαγορεύειν πῦρ, μηδὲ ὕδωρ τοῦτο ἀλλὰ τὸ τοιοῦτον ἀεί, μηδὲ ἄλλο ποτὲ μηδὲν ὥς τινα ἔχον βεβαιότητα, ὅσα δεικνύντες τῷ ῥήματι τῷ τόδε καὶ τοῦτο προσχρώμενοι δηλοῦν ἡγούμεθά τι· φεύγει γὰρ οὐχ ὑπομένον τὴν τοῦ τόδε καὶ τοῦτο καὶ τὴν τῷδε καὶ πᾶσαν ὅση μόνιμα ὡς ὄντα αὐτὰ ἐνδείκνυται φάσις.
There is none; but by far the safest way is to posit and speak about them as follows: that which we always see coming to be in different ways at different times, such as fire, we should on each occasion call not 'this', but 'what is of such a kind' fire; nor should we call water 'this', but always 'what is of such a kind', nor indeed should we ever speak of any other thing as having any stability, among all those things which we point out and think we are indicating by using the expression 'this' and 'that'; for they flee, not waiting for the designation of 'this' and 'that' and 'to this', and any phrasing whatsoever that indicates them as being permanent.
ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν ἕκαστα μὴ λέγειν, τὸ δὲ τοιοῦτον ἀεὶ περιφερόμενον ὅμοιον ἑκάστου πέρι καὶ συμπάντων οὕτω καλεῖν, καὶ δὴ καὶ πῦρ τὸ διὰ παντὸς τοιοῦτον, καὶ ἅπαν ὅσονπερ ἂν ἔχῃ γένεσιν·
Rather, we should not call each of them by these names, but we should speak of 'what is of such a kind', which always circulates similarly, concerning each and all of them; and in particular, we should call 'fire' that which is of such a kind throughout, and indeed everything that has generation.