§22ΚΡ.
οἷ δὴ Σόλων ἔφη πορευθεὶς σφόδρα τε γενέσθαι παρʼ αὐτοῖς ἔντιμος, καὶ δὴ καὶ τὰ παλαιὰ ἀνερωτῶν ποτε τοὺς μάλιστα περὶ ταῦτα τῶν ἱερέων ἐμπείρους, σχεδὸν οὔτε αὑτὸν οὔτε ἄλλον Ἕλληνα οὐδένα οὐδὲν ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν εἰδότα περὶ τῶν τοιούτων ἀνευρεῖν.
Critias: Solon said that when he traveled there, he became highly honored among them, and indeed, when he was once questioning those of the priests who were most experienced in these matters about ancient times, he found that practically neither he himself nor any other Greek knew anything at all, so to speak, about such things.
καί ποτε προαγαγεῖν βουληθεὶς αὐτοὺς περὶ τῶν ἀρχαίων εἰς λόγους, τῶν τῇδε τὰ ἀρχαιότατα λέγειν ἐπιχειρεῖν, περὶ Φορωνέως τε τοῦ πρώτου λεχθέντος καὶ Νιόβης, καὶ μετὰ τὸν κατακλυσμὸν αὖ περὶ Δευκαλίωνος καὶ Πύρρας ὡς διεγένοντο μυθολογεῖν, καὶ τοὺς ἐξ αὐτῶν γενεαλογεῖν, καὶ τὰ τῶν ἐτῶν ὅσα ἦν οἷς ἔλεγεν πειρᾶσθαι διαμνημονεύων τοὺς χρόνους ἀριθμεῖν·
And once, wishing to lead them into a discussion about antiquity, he attempted to speak of the oldest things of this region, telling of Phoroneus, who is called the first, and of Niobe, and after the deluge, how Deucalion and Pyrrha survived, and he traced the genealogy of their descendants, and tried to calculate the times by remembering the number of years of the events he was speaking of.
καί τινα εἰπεῖν τῶν ἱερέων εὖ μάλα παλαιόν· ὦ Σόλων, Σόλων, Ἕλληνες ἀεὶ παῖδές ἐστε, γέρων δὲ Ἕλλην οὐκ ἔστιν. ἀκούσας οὖν,
πῶς τί τοῦτο λέγεις;
Then one of the priests, who was extremely old, said: "O Solon, Solon, you Greeks are always children, and there is no such thing as an old Greek." And when Solon heard this, he asked, "How so?
φάναι. νέοι ἐστέ,
εἰπεῖν,
τὰς ψυχὰς πάντες· οὐδεμίαν γὰρ ἐν αὐταῖς ἔχετε διʼ ἀρχαίαν ἀκοὴν παλαιὰν δόξαν οὐδὲ μάθημα χρόνῳ πολιὸν οὐδέν.
What do you mean by this?" "You are all young," the priest replied, "in your souls; for you have in them no old opinion derived from ancient tradition, nor any science hoary with age.
τὸ δὲ τούτων αἴτιον τόδε.
And the reason for this is as follows.
πολλαὶ κατὰ πολλὰ φθοραὶ γεγόνασιν ἀνθρώπων καὶ ἔσονται, πυρὶ μὲν καὶ ὕδατι μέγισται, μυρίοις δὲ ἄλλοις ἕτεραι βραχύτεραι.
There have been, and will be again, many destructions of mankind arising from many causes, the greatest by fire and water, and others lesser by countless other means.
τὸ γὰρ οὖν καὶ παρʼ ὑμῖν λεγόμενον, ὥς ποτε Φαέθων Ἡλίου παῖς τὸ τοῦ πατρὸς ἅρμα ζεύξας διὰ τὸ μὴ δυνατὸς εἶναι κατὰ τὴν τοῦ πατρὸς ὁδὸν ἐλαύνειν τά τʼ ἐπὶ γῆς συνέκαυσεν καὶ αὐτὸς κεραυνωθεὶς διεφθάρη, τοῦτο μύθου μὲν σχῆμα ἔχον λέγεται, τὸ δὲ ἀληθές ἐστι τῶν περὶ γῆν κατʼ οὐρανὸν ἰόντων παράλλαξις καὶ διὰ μακρῶν χρόνων γιγνομένη τῶν ἐπὶ γῆς πυρὶ πολλῷ φθορά.
For indeed, that story which is also told among you, how once Phaethon, the son of Helios, having yoked his father's chariot, because he was not able to drive it along his father's path, burnt up all that was upon the earth and was himself destroyed by a thunderbolt, is spoken of in the form of a myth, but the truth is a declination of the bodies moving in the heavens around the earth, and a destruction of the things on the earth by much fire, which recurs after long intervals.
τότε οὖν ὅσοι κατʼ ὄρη καὶ ἐν ὑψηλοῖς τόποις καὶ ἐν ξηροῖς οἰκοῦσιν μᾶλλον διόλλυνται τῶν ποταμοῖς καὶ θαλάττῃ προσοικούντων·
At such times, those who dwell on mountains and in high and dry places perish more than those who live near rivers and the sea.
ἡμῖν δὲ ὁ Νεῖλος εἴς τε τἆλλα σωτὴρ καὶ τότε ἐκ ταύτης τῆς ἀπορίας σῴζει λυόμενος.
But to us, the Nile is our savior in other respects, and also at that time saves us from this distress by being released.
ὅταν δʼ αὖ θεοὶ τὴν γῆν ὕδασιν καθαίροντες κατακλύζωσιν, οἱ μὲν ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσιν διασῴζονται βουκόλοι νομῆς τε, οἱ δʼ ἐν ταῖς παρʼ ὑμῖν πόλεσιν εἰς τὴν θάλατταν ὑπὸ τῶν ποταμῶν φέρονται·
On the other hand, when the gods cleanse the earth with water and deluge it, the herdsmen and shepherds on the mountains are saved, but those in your cities are swept away by the rivers into the sea.
κατὰ δὲ τήνδε χώραν οὔτε τότε οὔτε ἄλλοτε ἄνωθεν ἐπὶ τὰς ἀρούρας ὕδωρ ἐπιρρεῖ, τὸ δʼ ἐναντίον κάτωθεν πᾶν ἐπανιέναι πέφυκεν.
But in this country, neither then nor at any other time does water pour down from above upon the fields, but on the contrary, all of it naturally rises from below.
§23ΚΡ.
ὅθεν καὶ διʼ ἃς αἰτίας τἀνθάδε σῳζόμενα λέγεται παλαιότατα·
Critias: For this reason, and due to these causes, the things preserved here are said to be the oldest.
τὸ δὲ ἀληθές, ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς τόποις ὅπου μὴ χειμὼν ἐξαίσιος ἢ καῦμα ἀπείργει, πλέον, τοτὲ δὲ ἔλαττον ἀεὶ γένος ἐστὶν ἀνθρώπων.
But in truth, in all places where excessive cold or heat does not prevent it, there is always a human race, at one time more, at another time fewer in number.
ὅσα δὲ ἢ παρʼ ὑμῖν ἢ τῇδε ἢ καὶ κατʼ ἄλλον τόπον ὧν ἀκοῇ ἴσμεν, εἴ πού τι καλὸν ἢ μέγα γέγονεν ἢ καί τινα διαφορὰν ἄλλην ἔχον, πάντα γεγραμμένα ἐκ παλαιοῦ τῇδʼ ἐστὶν ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς καὶ σεσωσμένα·
And whatever has happened either among you or here, or in any other place of which we know by report, if there has been anything beautiful or great or having any other distinction, all these have been written down from of old in our temples here and preserved.
τὰ δὲ παρʼ ὑμῖν καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἄρτι κατεσκευασμένα ἑκάστοτε τυγχάνει γράμμασι καὶ ἅπασιν ὁπόσων πόλεις δέονται, καὶ πάλιν διʼ εἰωθότων ἐτῶν ὥσπερ νόσημα ἥκει φερόμενον αὐτοῖς ῥεῦμα οὐράνιον καὶ τοὺς ἀγραμμάτους τε καὶ ἀμούσους ἔλιπεν ὑμῶν, ὥστε πάλιν ἐξ ἀρχῆς οἷον νέοι γίγνεσθε, οὐδὲν εἰδότες οὔτε τῶν τῇδε οὔτε τῶν παρʼ ὑμῖν, ὅσα ἦν ἐν τοῖς παλαιοῖς χρόνοις.
But among you and other peoples, each time your state has just been equipped with letters and all other things that cities require, again, after the usual period of years, a torrent from heaven sweeps down upon them like a pestilence, leaving only the illiterate and uncultured among you, so that you begin again from the beginning, as it were, like youth, knowing nothing of what happened in ancient times, either here or in your own land.
τὰ γοῦν νυνδὴ γενεαλογηθέντα, ὦ Σόλων, περὶ τῶν παρʼ ὑμῖν ἃ διῆλθες, παίδων βραχύ τι διαφέρει μύθων, οἳ πρῶτον μὲν ἕνα γῆς κατακλυσμὸν μέμνησθε πολλῶν ἔμπροσθεν γεγονότων, ἔτι δὲ τὸ κάλλιστον καὶ ἄριστον γένος ἐπʼ ἀνθρώπους ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ παρʼ ὑμῖν οὐκ ἴστε γεγονός, ἐξ ὧν σύ τε καὶ πᾶσα ἡ πόλις ἔστιν τὰ νῦν ὑμῶν, περιλειφθέντος ποτὲ σπέρματος βραχέος, ἀλλʼ ὑμᾶς λέληθεν διὰ τὸ τοὺς περιγενομένους ἐπὶ πολλὰς γενεὰς γράμμασιν τελευτᾶν ἀφώνους.
Indeed, Solon, those genealogies of your people which you just now recounted are little different from children's myths. In the first place, you remember only one deluge of the earth, though there were many before it; and furthermore, you do not know that the most beautiful and best race among men once existed in your land, from which you and all your city now survive, from a small seed that was once left. But this has escaped you because the survivors for many generations died without leaving any written record.
ἦν γὰρ δή ποτε, ὦ Σόλων, ὑπὲρ τὴν μεγίστην φθορὰν ὕδασιν ἡ νῦν Ἀθηναίων οὖσα πόλις ἀρίστη πρός τε τὸν πόλεμον καὶ κατὰ πάντα εὐνομωτάτη διαφερόντως· ᾗ κάλλιστα ἔργα καὶ πολιτεῖαι γενέσθαι λέγονται κάλλισται πασῶν ὁπόσων ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἡμεῖς ἀκοὴν παρεδεξάμεθα. ἀκούσας οὖν ὁ Σόλων ἔφη θαυμάσαι καὶ πᾶσαν προθυμίαν σχεῖν δεόμενος τῶν ἱερέων πάντα διʼ ἀκριβείας οἱ τὰ περὶ τῶν πάλαι πολιτῶν ἑξῆς διελθεῖν.
For there was once, O Solon, before the greatest destruction by water, the city which is now Athens, outstanding in war and in all ways preeminently well-governed; to which the most beautiful deeds and the most beautiful constitutions of all under heaven of which we have received report are said to have belonged." When Solon heard this, he said he was amazed and showed every eagerness, begging the priests to relate to him next all the details about his ancient citizens in order.
τὸν οὖν ἱερέα φάναι· φθόνος οὐδείς, ὦ Σόλων, ἀλλὰ σοῦ τε ἕνεκα ἐρῶ καὶ τῆς πόλεως ὑμῶν, μάλιστα δὲ τῆς θεοῦ χάριν, ἣ τήν τε ὑμετέραν καὶ τήνδε ἔλαχεν καὶ ἔθρεψεν καὶ ἐπαίδευσεν, προτέραν μὲν τὴν παρʼ ὑμῖν ἔτεσιν χιλίοις, ἐκ Γῆς τε καὶ Ἡφαίστου τὸ σπέρμα παραλαβοῦσα ὑμῶν, τήνδε δὲ ὑστέραν.
The priest then said: "There is no grudge, Solon; I will tell you for your sake and for the sake of your city, and most of all for the sake of the goddess who has received both your city and ours as her lot, and has nurtured and educated them—yours first by a thousand years, having received your seed from Earth and Hephaestus, and ours later.
τῆς δὲ ἐνθάδε διακοσμήσεως παρʼ ἡμῖν ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς γράμμασιν ὀκτακισχιλίων ἐτῶν ἀριθμὸς γέγραπται.
And the number of years written in our sacred records concerning our constitution here is eight thousand.
περὶ δὴ τῶν ἐνακισχίλια γεγονότων ἔτη πολιτῶν σοι δηλώσω διὰ βραχέων νόμους, καὶ τῶν ἔργων αὐτοῖς ὃ κάλλιστον ἐπράχθη·
Therefore, concerning the citizens who existed nine thousand years ago, I will declare to you briefly their laws, and the most beautiful deed that was performed by them: