§8.566ἆρʼ οὖν οὕτω καὶ ὃς ἂν δήμου προεστώς, λαβὼν σφόδρα πειθόμενον ὄχλον, μὴ ἀπόσχηται ἐμφυλίου αἵματος, ἀλλʼ ἀδίκως ἐπαιτιώμενος, οἷα δὴ φιλοῦσιν, εἰς δικαστήρια ἄγων μιαιφονῇ, βίον ἀνδρὸς ἀφανίζων, γλώττῃ τε καὶ στόματι ἀνοσίῳ γευόμενος φόνου συγγενοῦς, καὶ ἀνδρηλατῇ καὶ ἀποκτεινύῃ καὶ ὑποσημαίνῃ χρεῶν τε ἀποκοπὰς καὶ γῆς ἀναδασμόν, ἆρα τῷ τοιούτῳ ἀνάγκη δὴ τὸ μετὰ τοῦτο καὶ εἵμαρται ἢ ἀπολωλέναι ὑπὸ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ἢ τυραννεῖν καὶ λύκῳ ἐξ ἀνθρώπου γενέσθαι; πολλὴ ἀνάγκη, ἔφη.
"Is it not then the same for him who, having become a leader of the people and getting a very obedient multitude, does not keep his hands off kindred blood, but by accusing them unjustly, as they are wont to do, and dragging them into courts, commits murder, destroying the life of a man, tasting with unholy tongue and mouth the blood of his kin, and banishes and kills, and hints at cancellation of debts and redistribution of land—is it not then for such a man a necessity and destined thereafter either to be destroyed by his enemies or to rule as a tyrant and become a wolf from a human?" "A great necessity," he said.
οὗτος δή, ἔφην, ὁ στασιάζων γίγνεται πρὸς τοὺς ἔχοντας τὰς οὐσίας. οὗτος. ἆρʼ οὖν ἐκπεσὼν μὲν καὶ κατελθὼν βίᾳ τῶν ἐχθρῶν τύραννος ἀπειργασμένος κατέρχεται; δῆλον. ἐὰν δὲ ἀδύνατοι ἐκβάλλειν αὐτὸν ὦσιν ἢ ἀποκτεῖναι διαβάλλοντες τῇ πόλει, βιαίῳ δὴ θανάτῳ ἐπιβουλεύουσιν ἀποκτεινύναι λάθρᾳ. φιλεῖ γοῦν, ἦ δʼ ὅς, οὕτω γίγνεσθαι.
"This indeed," I said, "is the one who stirs up faction against those who have property." "This is he." "Then, if he is banished and returns despite his enemies, does he return as a fully fashioned tyrant?" "Clearly." "And if they are unable to banish him or to kill him by slandering him to the city, they plot to kill him secretly by a violent death." "It is indeed wont to happen so," he said.
τὸ δὴ τυραννικὸν αἴτημα τὸ πολυθρύλητον ἐπὶ τούτῳ πάντες οἱ εἰς τοῦτο προβεβηκότες ἐξευρίσκουσιν, αἰτεῖν τὸν δῆμον φύλακάς τινας τοῦ σώματος, ἵνα σῶς αὐτοῖς ᾖ ὁ τοῦ δήμου βοηθός. καὶ μάλʼ, ἔφη.
"Then all those who have advanced to this stage devise that famous and much-talked-of tyrannical request: to ask the people for some bodyguards of their person, so that the helper of the people may be safe for them." "Quite so," he said.
διδόασι δὴ οἶμαι δείσαντες μὲν ὑπὲρ ἐκείνου, θαρρήσαντες δὲ ὑπὲρ ἑαυτῶν. καὶ μάλα. οὐκοῦν τοῦτο ὅταν ἴδῃ ἀνὴρ χρήματα ἔχων καὶ μετὰ τῶν χρημάτων αἰτίαν μισόδημος εἶναι, τότε δὴ οὗτος, ὦ ἑταῖρε, κατὰ τὸν Κροίσῳ γενόμενον χρησμὸν—
"
πολυψήφιδα παρʼ Ἕρμον
φεύγει, οὐδὲ μένει, οὐδʼ αἰδεῖται κακὸς εἶναι. "
οὐ γὰρ ἄν, ἔφη, δεύτερον αὖθις αἰδεσθείη. ὁ δέ γε οἶμαι, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, καταληφθεὶς θανάτῳ δίδοται. ἀνάγκη. ὁ δὲ δὴ προστάτης ἐκεῖνος αὐτὸς δῆλον δὴ ὅτι
"μέγας"
"μεγαλωστὶ"
οὐ κεῖται, ἀλλὰ καταβαλὼν ἄλλους πολλοὺς ἕστηκεν ἐν τῷ δίφρῳ τῆς πόλεως, τύραννος ἀντὶ προστάτου ἀποτετελεσμένος. τί δʼ οὐ μέλλει; ἔφη.
"They give them, I think, fearing for him, but being confident for themselves." "Very much so." "And when a man who has wealth and along with his wealth the charge of being a hater of the people sees this, then indeed, my friend, according to the oracle given to Croesus— ' he flees along the pebbly Hermus, nor does he stay, nor does he feel shame to be a coward.' ""For he would not," he said, "have a second chance to feel shame." "And the one who is caught, I think," I said, "is given to death." "Necessarily." "And that leader himself, it is clear that he does not lie 'mighty' 'mightily,' but having cast down many others, he stands in the chariot of the city, having become a fully finished tyrant instead of a leader." "How could he not?" he said.
διέλθωμεν δὴ τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, τοῦ τε ἀνδρὸς καὶ τῆς πόλεως, ἐν ᾗ ἂν ὁ τοιοῦτος βροτὸς ἐγγένηται; πάνυ μὲν οὖν, ἔφη, διέλθωμεν. ἆρʼ οὖν, εἶπον, οὐ ταῖς μὲν πρώταις ἡμέραις τε καὶ χρόνῳ προσγελᾷ τε καὶ ἀσπάζεται πάντας, ᾧ ἂν περιτυγχάνῃ, καὶ οὔτε τύραννός φησιν εἶναι ὑπισχνεῖταί τε πολλὰ καὶ ἰδίᾳ καὶ δημοσίᾳ, χρεῶν τε ἠλευθέρωσε καὶ γῆν διένειμε δήμῳ τε καὶ τοῖς περὶ ἑαυτὸν καὶ πᾶσιν ἵλεώς τε καὶ πρᾷος εἶναι προσποιεῖται; ἀνάγκη, ἔφη.
"Let us then go through the happiness," I said, "both of the man and of the city in which such a mortal arises." "By all means," he said, "let us go through it." "Then," I said, "in the first days and for a time, does he not smile upon and greet everyone he meets, and deny that he is a tyrant, and promise many things both privately and publicly, and free people from debts, and distribute land to the people and to those around him, and pretend to be gracious and gentle to all?" "Necessarily," he said.
ὅταν δέ γε οἶμαι πρὸς τοὺς ἔξω ἐχθροὺς τοῖς μὲν καταλλαγῇ, τοὺς δὲ καὶ διαφθείρῃ, καὶ ἡσυχία ἐκείνων γένηται, πρῶτον μὲν πολέμους τινὰς ἀεὶ κινεῖ, ἵνʼ ἐν χρείᾳ ἡγεμόνος ὁ δῆμος ᾖ. εἰκός γε. §8.567οὐκοῦν καὶ ἵνα χρήματα εἰσφέροντες πένητες γιγνόμενοι πρὸς τῷ καθʼ ἡμέραν ἀναγκάζωνται εἶναι καὶ ἧττον αὐτῷ ἐπιβουλεύωσι; δῆλον. καὶ ἄν γέ τινας οἶμαι ὑποπτεύῃ ἐλεύθερα φρονήματα ἔχοντας μὴ ἐπιτρέψειν αὐτῷ ἄρχειν, ὅπως ἂν τούτους μετὰ προφάσεως ἀπολλύῃ ἐνδοὺς τοῖς πολεμίοις;
"But when, I think, he is reconciled with some of his enemies abroad, and has destroyed others, and there is quiet from them, he first of all always stirs up some wars, so that the people may be in need of a leader." "Reasonably so." "And also so that, by paying war-taxes and becoming poor, they may be forced to attend to their daily needs and plot less against him?" "Clearly." "And if, I think, he suspects that some who have free spirits will not permit him to rule, does he not plot to destroy them with a pretext by delivering them to the enemy?
τούτων πάντων ἕνεκα τυράννῳ ἀεὶ ἀνάγκη πόλεμον ταράττειν; ἀνάγκη. ταῦτα δὴ ποιοῦντα ἕτοιμον μᾶλλον ἀπεχθάνεσθαι τοῖς πολίταις; πῶς γὰρ οὔ; οὐκοῦν καί τινας τῶν συγκαταστησάντων καὶ ἐν δυνάμει ὄντων παρρησιάζεσθαι καὶ πρὸς αὐτὸν καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλους, ἐπιπλήττοντας τοῖς γιγνομένοις, οἳ ἂν τυγχάνωσιν ἀνδρικώτατοι ὄντες; εἰκός γε. ὑπεξαιρεῖν δὴ τούτους πάντας δεῖ τὸν τύραννον, εἰ μέλλει ἄρξειν, ἕως ἂν μήτε φίλων μήτʼ ἐχθρῶν λίπῃ μηδένα ὅτου τι ὄφελος. δῆλον. ὀξέως ἄρα δεῖ ὁρᾶν αὐτὸν τίς ἀνδρεῖος, τίς μεγαλόφρων, τίς φρόνιμος, τίς πλούσιος· καὶ οὕτως εὐδαίμων ἐστίν, ὥστε τούτοις ἅπασιν ἀνάγκη αὐτῷ, εἴτε βούλεται εἴτε μή, πολεμίῳ εἶναι καὶ ἐπιβουλεύειν, ἕως ἂν καθήρῃ τὴν πόλιν. καλόν γε, ἔφη, καθαρμόν.
For all these reasons, is it not always necessary for a tyrant to stir up war?" "Necessarily." "And doing these things, is he not more ready to be hated by the citizens?" "For how could he not?" "And then some of those who helped set him up and are in power speak freely both to him and to one another, reproving what is happening, those who happen to be the most courageous?" "Reasonably so." "The tyrant must then quietly remove all these, if he is to rule, until he leaves no one, whether of friends or of enemies, who is of any use." "Clearly." "Sharply, then, he must see who is courageous, who is high-minded, who is wise, who is rich; and he is so happy that for all these, whether he wants to or not, it is necessary for him to be an enemy and to plot against them, until he purges the city." "A fine purging indeed," he said.
ναί, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, τὸν ἐναντίον ἢ οἱ ἰατροὶ τὰ σώματα· οἱ μὲν γὰρ τὸ χείριστον ἀφαιροῦντες λείπουσι τὸ βέλτιστον, ὁ δὲ τοὐναντίον. ὡς ἔοικε γάρ, αὐτῷ, ἔφη, ἀνάγκη, εἴπερ ἄρξει. ἐν μακαρίᾳ ἄρα, εἶπον ἐγώ, ἀνάγκῃ δέδεται, ἣ προστάττει αὐτῷ ἢ μετὰ φαύλων τῶν πολλῶν οἰκεῖν, καὶ ὑπὸ τούτων μισούμενον, ἢ μὴ ζῆν. ἐν τοιαύτῃ, ἦ δʼ ὅς.
"Yes," I said, "the opposite of what physicians do to bodies; for they remove the worst and leave the best, but he does the opposite." "For it seems," he said, "necessary for him, if indeed he is to rule." "Then," I said, "he is bound by a blessed necessity, which commands him either to dwell with the many who are worthless, and to be hated by them, or not to live." "In such a necessity indeed," he said.
ἆρʼ οὖν οὐχὶ ὅσῳ ἂν μᾶλλον τοῖς πολίταις ἀπεχθάνηται ταῦτα δρῶν, τοσούτῳ πλειόνων καὶ πιστοτέρων δορυφόρων δεήσεται; πῶς γὰρ οὔ;
"Then, is it not the case that the more he is hated by the citizens for doing these things, the more and more faithful bodyguards he will need?" "For how could he not?" "Who then are the faithful ones?
τίνες οὖν οἱ πιστοί; καὶ πόθεν αὐτοὺς μεταπέμψεται; αὐτόματοι, ἔφη, πολλοὶ ἥξουσι πετόμενοι, ἐὰν τὸν μισθὸν διδῷ. κηφῆνας, ἦν δʼ ἐγώ, νὴ τὸν κύνα, δοκεῖς αὖ τινάς μοι λέγειν ξενικούς τε καὶ παντοδαπούς. ἀληθῆ γάρ, ἔφη, δοκῶ σοι.
And from where will he summon them?" "Many," he said, "will come flying of their own accord, if he gives them pay." "By the dog," I said, "you seem to me to be speaking again of some foreign and miscellaneous drones." "For I think I do," he said.
τίς δὲ αὐτόθεν; ἆρʼ οὐκ ἂν ἐθελήσειεν— πῶς;
"And who from the place itself?
τοὺς δούλους ἀφελόμενος τοὺς πολίτας, ἐλευθερώσας, τῶν περὶ ἑαυτὸν δορυφόρων ποιήσασθαι. σφόδρα γʼ, ἔφη· ἐπεί τοι καὶ πιστότατοι αὐτῷ οὗτοί εἰσιν.
Would he not wish—" "How?" "By taking away their slaves from the citizens, freeing them, and making them bodyguards around himself." "Very much so," he said, "since indeed these are the most faithful to him."