Humanitext Reader

Plato · Symposium §195

Agathon's Speech: Eros as the Youngest and Most Beautiful

Passage 16 of 36 · Greek

Summary

Agathon begins his speech by criticizing previous speakers for focusing on the benefits of Eros rather than his nature, and sets out the correct method of praise. He then argues that Eros is the youngest, most beautiful, and most delicate of all the gods.

§195ἐγὼ δὲ δὴ βούλομαι πρῶτον μὲν εἰπεῖν ὡς χρή με εἰπεῖν, ἔπειτα εἰπεῖν.
But I, indeed, wish first to say how I ought to say it, and then to say it.
δοκοῦσι γάρ μοι πάντες οἱ πρόσθεν εἰρηκότες οὐ τὸν θεὸν ἐγκωμιάζειν ἀλλὰ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους εὐδαιμονίζειν τῶν ἀγαθῶν ὧν ὁ θεὸς αὐτοῖς αἴτιος· ὁποῖος δέ τις αὐτὸς ὢν ταῦτα ἐδωρήσατο, οὐδεὶς εἴρηκεν.
For all those who spoke before seem to me not to praise the god, but to congratulate human beings on the good things of which the god is the cause for them; but what sort of being he himself is who bestowed these gifts, no one has said.
εἷς δὲ τρόπος ὀρθὸς παντὸς ἐπαίνου περὶ παντός, λόγῳ διελθεῖν οἷος οἵων αἴτιος ὢν τυγχάνει περὶ οὗ ἂν ὁ λόγος ᾖ.
But there is one correct way for every praise concerning anything: to go through in speech what sort of being he happens to be, and of what things he is the cause, about whomever the speech may be.
οὕτω δὴ τὸν ἔρωτα καὶ ἡμᾶς δίκαιον ἐπαινέσαι πρῶτον αὐτὸν οἷός ἐστιν, ἔπειτα τὰς δόσεις.
Thus, indeed, it is just for us also to praise Eros: first, himself, what sort of being he is, and then his gifts.
φημὶ οὖν ἐγὼ πάντων θεῶν εὐδαιμόνων ὄντων ἔρωτα, εἰ θέμις καὶ ἀνεμέσητον εἰπεῖν, εὐδαιμονέστατον εἶναι αὐτῶν, κάλλιστον ὄντα καὶ ἄριστον.
I say, then, that while all the gods are happy, Eros—if it is right and without offense to say so—is the happiest of them, being the most beautiful and the best.
ἔστι δὲ κάλλιστος ὢν τοιόσδε. πρῶτον μὲν νεώτατος θεῶν, ὦ Φαῖδρε.
And he is the most beautiful, being of such a kind: first, he is the youngest of the gods, Phaedrus.
μέγα δὲ τεκμήριον τῷ λόγῳ αὐτὸς παρέχεται, φεύγων φυγῇ τὸ γῆρας, ταχὺ ὂν δῆλον ὅτι· θᾶττον γοῦν τοῦ δέοντος ἡμῖν προσέρχεται.
And he himself provides a great proof for this argument, fleeing in headlong flight from old age, which is clearly swift; at any rate, it approaches us faster than it should.
ὃ δὴ πέφυκεν Ἔρως μισεῖν καὶ οὐδʼ ἐντὸς πολλοῦ πλησιάζειν.
This indeed Eros is by nature made to hate, and he does not come near it even within a great distance.
μετὰ δὲ νέων ἀεὶ σύνεστί τε καὶ ἔστιν· ὁ γὰρ παλαιὸς λόγος εὖ ἔχει, ὡς ὅμοιον ὁμοίῳ ἀεὶ πελάζει.
But he is always with the young and dwells with them; for the old saying is right, that like always draws near to like.
ἐγὼ δὲ Φαίδρῳ πολλὰ ἄλλα ὁμολογῶν τοῦτο οὐχ ὁμολογῶ, ὡς Ἔρως Κρόνου καὶ Ἰαπετοῦ ἀρχαιότερός ἐστιν, ἀλλά φημι νεώτατον αὐτὸν εἶναι θεῶν καὶ ἀεὶ νέον, τὰ δὲ παλαιὰ πράγματα περὶ θεούς, ἃ Ἡσίοδος καὶ Παρμενίδης λέγουσιν, Ἀνάγκῃ καὶ οὐκ Ἔρωτι γεγονέναι, εἰ ἐκεῖνοι ἀληθῆ ἔλεγον· οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἐκτομαὶ οὐδὲ δεσμοὶ ἀλλήλων ἐγίγνοντο καὶ ἄλλα πολλὰ καὶ βίαια, εἰ Ἔρως ἐν αὐτοῖς ἦν, ἀλλὰ φιλία καὶ εἰρήνη, ὥσπερ νῦν, ἐξ οὗ Ἔρως τῶν θεῶν βασιλεύει.
And though I agree with Phaedrus on many other things, I do not agree with this: that Eros is older than Cronus and Iapetus; rather, I say that he is the youngest of the gods and always young, and the ancient deeds concerning the gods which Hesiod and Parmenides relate, occurred by Necessity and not by Eros, if those men spoke the truth; for there would not have been castrations or mutual fetterings of each other and many other violent deeds, if Eros had been among them, but friendship and peace, just as now, ever since Eros has ruled as king over the gods.
νέος μὲν οὖν ἐστι, πρὸς δὲ τῷ νέῳ ἁπαλός· ποιητοῦ δʼ ἔστιν ἐνδεὴς οἷος ἦν Ὅμηρος πρὸς τὸ ἐπιδεῖξαι θεοῦ ἁπαλότητα.
So, he is young, and in addition to being young, he is delicate; but there is need of a poet such as Homer was, to demonstrate the delicacy of the god.
Ὅμηρος γὰρ Ἄτην θεόν τέ φησιν εἶναι καὶ ἁπαλήν—τοὺς γοῦν πόδας αὐτῆς ἁπαλοὺς εἶναι—λέγων " τῆς μένθʼ ἁπαλοὶ πόδες· οὐ γὰρ ἐπʼ οὔδεος πίλναται, ἀλλʼ ἄρα ἥ γε κατʼ ἀνδρῶν κράατα βαίνει.
For Homer says that Ate is a goddess and delicate—at least that her feet are delicate—saying: "Her feet are delicate; for she does not draw near the ground, but she walks upon the heads of men.
" καλῷ οὖν δοκεῖ μοι τεκμηρίῳ τὴν ἁπαλότητα ἀποφαίνειν, ὅτι οὐκ ἐπὶ σκληροῦ βαίνει, ἀλλʼ ἐπὶ μαλθακοῦ.
"Therefore, he seems to me to show her delicacy by a beautiful proof, namely, that she does not walk on what is hard, but on what is soft.
τῷ αὐτῷ δὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς χρησόμεθα τεκμηρίῳ περὶ ἔρωτα ὅτι ἁπαλός.
We indeed shall use the very same proof concerning Eros to show that he is delicate.
οὐ γὰρ ἐπὶ γῆς βαίνει οὐδʼ ἐπὶ κρανίων, ἅ ἐστιν οὐ πάνυ μαλακά, ἀλλʼ ἐν τοῖς μαλακωτάτοις τῶν ὄντων καὶ βαίνει καὶ οἰκεῖ.
For he does not walk on the ground, nor on skulls, which are not very soft, but he both walks and dwells in the softest of the things that exist.
ἐν γὰρ ἤθεσι καὶ ψυχαῖς θεῶν καὶ ἀνθρώπων τὴν οἴκησιν ἵδρυται, καὶ οὐκ αὖ ἑξῆς ἐν πάσαις ταῖς ψυχαῖς, ἀλλʼ ᾗτινι ἂν σκληρὸν ἦθος ἐχούσῃ ἐντύχῃ, ἀπέρχεται, ᾗ δʼ ἂν μαλακόν, οἰκίζεται.
For he has established his dwelling in the characters and souls of gods and men, and yet not in all souls one after another; rather, whichever one he meets that has a hard character, he departs from, but in whichever has a soft one, he settles.

Notes

  1. 195aὡς χρή με εἰπεῖν — The clause ὡς χρή με εἰπεῖν is best understood as an indirect question meaning 'how I ought to speak' (manner/method), in light of the subsequent discussion on the correct method of praise. Although it could be interpreted as a modal clause ('as I ought to speak'), the former reading aligns better with his methodological declaration of the proper order of praise (first the god's nature, then his gifts).
  2. 195aοἷος οἵων αἴτιος ὢν τυγχάνει — A condensed expression with the juxtaposition of two relative/interrogative pronouns (οἷος and οἵων), meaning 'what sort of being he himself is, and of what sort of things he is the cause.' This is a characteristically Greek construction that simultaneously expresses the nature of the subject and the nature of the effects it produces.
  3. 195bφεύγων φυγῇ τὸ γῆρας, ταχὺ ὂν δῆλον ὅτι — φεύγων φυγῇ is an emphatic expression using a cognate dative ('fleeing with flight,' i.e., 'fleeing in headlong flight'). The subsequent ταχὺ ὂν δῆλον ὅτι, with the participle ὄν (neuter accusative singular agreeing with τὸ γῆρας), means 'old age, which is clearly swift.' Here, δῆλον ὅτι functions parenthetically as an adverbial phrase ('clearly/evidently'), qualifying the swiftness of old age.

Cite this passage

Plato, Symposium §195. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg011.humanitext-grc2:195

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