§2#1Καταφρονήσαντες οὖν καὶ ἡμεῖς τῶν ἤτοι μηδὲν πάνυ ἢ σμικρὸν ἡγουμένων εἰς θεραπείαν συντελεῖν τὸν ἀπὸ τῶν ἐθῶν σκοπὸν ἐπισκεψώμεθα, τίς ποτ’ ἐστὶν ἡ αἰτία τοῦ πολὺ δύνασθαι τὸ ἔθος καὶ εἴτε μία τις ἐστὶν ἢ καὶ καθ’ ἑκάστην ὕλην ἑτέρα.
Therefore, we too, having disregarded those who think that the observation derived from habits contributes either nothing at all or very little to treatment, let us investigate what on earth is the cause of habit having great power, and whether it is some single cause or different for each matter.
λέγω δ’ ὕλην, ἐφ’ ᾗ συνέστη τὸ ἔθος, οἷον, ὡς ἔφην, ἐδέσματα ἢ πόματα ἢ γυμνάσια ἢ ἕτερόν τι τοιοῦτο.
And I mean by 'matter' that upon which habit is established, such as, as I said, foods or drinks or exercises or some other such thing.
καὶ γὰρ τήν γ’ ἀρχὴν ἐπὶ τῶν ἐσθιομένων τε καὶ πινομένων ποιησώμεθα.
For indeed, let us make our beginning with things eaten and drunk.
τί δή ποτε γὰρ οἱ τῇ τῶν βοείων κρεῶν ἐδωδῇ συνήθως χρώμενοι τινὲς μὲν οὐδ’ ὅλως βλάπτονται, τινὲς δ’ ἧττον ἢ πρόσθεν;
For why on earth is it that some of those who are customarily used to the eating of beef are not harmed at all, while others are harmed less than before?
ἢ διὰ τί κατὰ φύσιν τινὲς εὐθὺς ἐξ ἀρχῆς, ὡς αὐτὸς Ἐρασίστρατος ἔγραψε, ῥᾷον πέττουσι τὰ βόεια κρέα τῶν πετραίων ἰχθύων;
Or why, as Erasistratus himself wrote, do some naturally from the very beginning digest beef more easily than rock-dwelling fish?
ἀλλὰ τούτου μὲν ἡ αἰτία λέλεκται κατὰ τὴν τῶν φυσικῶν δυνάμεων ἐπίσκεψιν, εἰρήσεται δὲ καὶ νῦν ὀλίγον ὕστερον ἐν τῇ τοῦ λόγου κοινωνίᾳ· νυνὶ δ’ ἀπὸ τῶν δι’ ἔθος ἄμεινον πεττόντων ὁτιοῦν ἐδεσμάτων τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς διδασκαλίας ποιησώμεθα κοινὴν ὑπόθεσιν λαβόντες εἰς ταῦτα πάντα τὰ φύσει τισὶν οἰκεῖά τε καὶ οὐκ οἰκεῖα.
But the cause of this has been stated in the investigation of natural faculties, and it will also be stated now a little later in the course of the discourse; but now let us make the beginning of our instruction from those who digest any food better because of habit, having taken a common hypothesis for all these things which are by nature suitable or not suitable to some.
λέλεκται. μὲν οὖν ἐπὶ πλέον ὑπὲρ ἁπάντων τούτων κατὰ τὴν τῶν φυσικῶν δυνάμεων ἐπίσκεψιν· ἀρξώμεθα δὲ καὶ νῦν τοῦ λόγου τὴν τῆς πέψεως ἔννοιαν προχειρισάμενοι.
Indeed, concerning all these things it has been stated at greater length in the investigation of natural faculties; but let us begin our discourse now also, having prepared beforehand the concept of digestion.
καθάπερ γὰρ ἄρτους οἱ σιτοποιοὶ λέγονται πέττειν οὐκ ἐπειδὰν ἀλοῦντές τε καὶ διάττοντες εἰς λεπτὰ μόρια καταθραύσωσι τοὺς πυρούς, ἀλλ’ ὅταν ἐπὶ τῷ τοιοῦτο πρᾶξαι δεύσαντες ὕδατι ζύμην μίξαντες μαλάξωσιν, εἶτα καλύψαντές τινι τῶν θαλπόντων ἐάσωσιν, ἄχρις ἄν, ὡς αὐτοὶ καλοῦσι, ζυμωθῇ, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα διὰ κλιβάνων ἢ ἰπνῶν ὀπτήσωσιν, οὕτω κἀπὶ τῶν εἰς γαστέρα καταποθέντων οὐκ ἐπειδὰν ἐν αὐτῇ καταθραυσθῇ καὶ λυθῇ, πεπέφθαι φαμέν, ἀλλ’ ὅταν, ὡς οἱ πεττόμενοι πυροί, κατὰ ποιότητα τὴν μεταβολὴν σχῇ.
For just as bakers are said to 'cook' (bake) bread, not when, by grinding and sifting, they break the wheat into small particles, but when, having done such a thing, they moisten it with water, mix in yeast and knead it, then, having covered it with something warm, they let it be until it is fermented, as they themselves call it, and after this they bake it in ovens or stoves, so also in the case of things swallowed into the stomach, we do not say that they have been digested when they are broken and dissolved in it, but when, like wheat being cooked, they undergo a change in quality.
καθάπερ δ’ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄρτων εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν ἡμῖν τοῖς ἐσθίουσιν ἀχθῆναι χρὴ ποιότητα τὸν πεττόμενον σῖτον, οὕτω κατὰ τὴν κοιλίαν ἔτι καὶ μᾶλλον εἰς οἰκειοτέραν, ὀνομάζω δ’ οἰκειοτέραν ἑτέραν ἑτέρας κατὰ τὴν ὁμοιότητα τοῦ μέλλοντος ἐξ αὐτῆς τρέφεσθαι σώματος.
And just as in the case of bread, the grain being cooked must be brought to a quality suitable to us who eat it, so in the stomach it must be brought even more to a more suitable quality; and I call one quality 'more suitable' than another according to its similarity to the body that is going to be nourished by it.
ἄλλο γὰρ ἄλλῳ σώματι τῶν τρεφόντων οἰκεῖόν ἐστι καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τὰ ζῷα πρὸς τὰς οἰκείας ἔρχονται τροφὰς ἀδιδάκτως ὑπὸ τῆς φύσεως ὠθούμενα, τὰ μὲν ὑποζύγια πρός τε τὰς βοτάνας καὶ ἄχυρα καὶ χιλὴν καὶ κριθήν, οἱ λέοντες δὲ πρὸς τὰς σάρκας, ὥσπερ καὶ παρδάλεις καὶ λύκοι.
For one of the nourishing things is suitable to one body, and another to another, and for this reason animals go to their suitable foods without being taught, driven by nature—beasts of burden to grass, straw, fodder, and barley, and lions to flesh, just as also leopards and wolves.