§1## ΓΑΛΗΝΟΥ ΠΕΡΙ ΑΝΩΜΑΛΟΥ ΔΥΣΚΡΑΣΙΑΣ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ
Ἀνώμαλος δυσκρασία γίνεται μὲν καὶ καθ’ ὅλον τοῦ ζώου τὸ σῶμα ἐνίοτε, καθάπερ ἔν τε τοῖς ἀνὰ σάρκα λεγομένοις ὑδέροις, καὶ τοῖς ἠπιάλοις καλουμένοις πυρετοῖς, καὶ σχεδὸν ἅπασι τοῖς ἄλλοις, πλὴν τῶν ἑκτικῶν ὀνομαζομένων·
## GALEN ON UNEQUAL DYSCRASIA An unequal dyscrasia sometimes occurs even in the whole body of an animal, just as in the so-called anasarca dropsies, and in the fevers called epialos, and in almost all the others, except for those named hectic.
γίνεται δὲ καὶ καθ’ ἓν ὁτιοῦν μόριον, οἰδισκόμενον, ἢ φλεγμαῖνον, ἢ γαγγραινόμενον, ἢ ἐρυσιπελατούμενον, ἢ καρκινούμενον.
But it also occurs in any single part, which becomes swollen, or inflamed, or gangrenous, or erysipelatous, or cancerous.
τούτου δὲ τοῦ γένους καὶ ὁ καλούμενος ἐλέφας καὶ ἡ φαγέδαινα καὶ ὁ ἕρπης.
To this class also belong the so-called elephantiasis, phagedena, and herpes.
ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν ἅπαντα μετὰ ῥευμάτων· ἄνευ δ’ ὕλης ἐπιῤῥύτου, μόναις ταῖς ποιότησιν ἀλλοιουμένων τῶν μορίων, ἀνώμαλοι γίνονται δυσκρασίαι, ψυχθέντων, ἢ ἐκκαυθέντων, ἢ γυμνασαμένων ἐπὶ πλέον, ἢ ἀργησάντων, ἤ τι τοιοῦτον ἕτερον παθόντων.
However, all these are accompanied by fluxions; but without inflowing matter, with the parts being altered by qualities alone, unequal dyscrasias occur, as they are chilled, or burned, or exercised excessively, or left idle, or suffering some other such thing.
οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ κᾀκ τῶν ἔξωθεν προσπιπτόντων ἀνώμαλοι δυσκρασίαι τοῖς σώμασιν ἡμῶν πλείονες ἐγγίνονται, θερμαινομένοις, ἢ ψυχομένοις, ἢ ξηραινομένοις, ἢ ὑγραινομένοις.
Nay, indeed, many more unequal dyscrasias are produced in our bodies by things falling upon them from without, as they are warmed, or chilled, or dried, or moistened.
ἁπλαῖ μὲν γὰρ αὗται, καθότι κἀν τοῖς περὶ κράσεων ὑπομνήμασιν ἐδείκνυτο· σύνθετοι δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἰσιν ἕτεραι τέσσαρες, ἢ θερμαινομένων ἅμα καὶ ξηραινομένων, ἢ ψυχομένων τε ἅμα καὶ ὑγραινομένων, ψυχομένων τε ἅμα καὶ ξηραινομένων, ἢ θερμαινομένων τε ἅμα καὶ ὑγραινομένων.
For these are simple, as was also shown in the commentaries On Mixtures; but there are four other composite ones derived from them, namely, when they are simultaneously warmed and dried, or simultaneously chilled and moistened, or simultaneously chilled and dried, or simultaneously warmed and moistened.
ὅτι δ’ αἱ τοιαῦται δυσκρασίαι διαφέρουσι τῶν ὁμαλῶν τῷ μὴ κατὰ πάντα τὰ μόρια τοῦ δυσκράτως διακειμένου σώματος ὡσαύτως ὑπάρχειν, ἄντικρυς δῆλον.
That such dyscrasias differ from the equal ones by the fact that they do not exist in the same way in all the parts of the body that is in a state of dyscrasia, is completely obvious.
ὅστις οὖν ὁ τρόπος τῆς γενέσεώς ἐστιν ἁπάσαις ταῖς ἀνωμάλοις δυσκρασίαις, ἐν τῷδε τῷ γράμματι πρόκειται διελθεῖν.
Therefore, what the mode of generation is for all unequal dyscrasias, is proposed to be discussed in this book.
ἵνα δὲ σαφὴς ὁ λόγος γένηται, ἀναμνῆσαι χρὴ πάντων τοῦ σώματος μορίων, ἀρξάμενον ἀπὸ τῶν μεγίστων, ἃ δὴ καὶ τοῖς ἰδιώταις γινώσκεται.
In order that the discourse may become clear, one must recall all the parts of the body, beginning from the greatest ones, which are indeed known even to laymen.
χεῖρας γάρ τοι καὶ πόδας καὶ γαστέρα καὶ θώρακα καὶ κεφαλὴν οὐκ ἔστιν ὃς ἀγνοεῖ.
For indeed, there is no one who does not know hands and feet, abdomen, thorax, and head.
§2Τεμνέσθω δὲ πάλιν ὑφ’ ἡμῶν ἓν ὁτιοῦν ἐξ αὐτῶν εἰς τὰ προσεχῆ καλούμενα μόρια, σκέλος μὲν εἰ τύχῃ εἰς μηρὸν καὶ κνήμην καὶ πόδα, χεὶρ δ’ αὖ εἰς βραχίονά τε καὶ πῆχυν καὶ ἄκραν χεῖρα·
Let any single one of them be divided again by us into the so-called immediate parts: a leg, if it so happens, into thigh, shin, and foot; and a hand, in turn, into upper arm, forearm, and hand proper.
καὶ μὲν δὴ καὶ ἄκρας χειρὸς οἰκεῖα μόρια καρπὸς καὶ μετακάρπιον καὶ δάκτυλοι·
And indeed, the proper parts of the hand proper are the wrist, metacarpus, and fingers.
δακτύλων δ’ αὖ πάλιν ὀστᾶ καὶ χόνδροι καὶ σύνδεσμοι καὶ νεῦρα καὶ ἀρτηρίαι καὶ φλέβες, ὑμένες τε καὶ σάρκες καὶ τένοντες, ὄνυχές τε καὶ δέρμα καὶ πιμελή·
Of the fingers, again, there are bones, cartilages, ligaments, nerves, arteries, veins, membranes, flesh, tendons, nails, skin, and fat.
ταῦτα δ’ οὐκέτ’ ἐγχωρεῖ τέμνειν εἰς ἕτερον εἶδος, ἀλλ’ ἔστιν ὁμοιομερῆ τε καὶ πρῶτα, πλὴν ἀρτηριῶν τε καὶ φλεβῶν·
It is no longer possible to divide these into another species, but they are homoeomerous and primary parts, except for the arteries and veins.
αὗται γὰρ ἐξ ἰνῶν τε καὶ ὑμένων σύγκεινται, καθ’ ὃ κᾀν ταῖς ἀνατομικαῖς ἐγχειρήσεσιν ἐλέγετο.
For these are composed of fibers and membranes, as was also stated in the Anatomical Administrations.
καὶ μὲν δὴ καὶ ὡς χῶραι πολλαὶ μεταξὺ τῶν εἰρημένων ὁμοιομερῶν τε καὶ πρώτων μορίων ὑπάρχουσι, καὶ τούτων ἔτι πλείους τε καὶ μείζους ἐν τῷ μέσῳ τῶν ὀργανικῶν τε καὶ συνθέτων, ἐνίοτε δὲ καὶ καθ’ ἓν ὁτιοῦν ὁμοιομερὲς μόριον, ὡς ἐν ὀστῷ καὶ δέρματι· καὶ περὶ τούτων ἁπάντων ἐν ταῖς ἀνατομικαῖς ἐγχειρήσεσιν εἴρηται.
And indeed, also that many spaces exist between the aforementioned homoeomerous and primary parts, and still more and larger ones than these in the midst of the organic and composite parts, and sometimes even in any single homoeomerous part, as in bone and skin; and concerning all these, it has been discussed in the Anatomical Administrations.
τὰ μὲν οὖν μαλακὰ τῶν σωμάτων ἀλλήλοις ἐπιπίπτοντα τὰς μεταξὺ χώρας ἀδήλους ἐργάζεται πρὸς τὴν αἴσθησιν· ὅσα δὲ σκληρὰ καὶ ξηρὰ, πάνυ φωράσαις αὐτῶν αἰσθήσει τὰ διαλείμματα, καθάπερ ἐν ὀστοῖς τὰς σήραγγας.
Now, the soft parts of the bodies, falling upon one another, make the spaces between them imperceptible to perception; but as for those that are hard and dry, you would fully detect their intervals with perception, just like the cavities in bones.
ἔχουσι δὲ αὗται κατὰ φύσιν ἐν ἑαυταῖς ὑγρὸν παχὺ καὶ λευκὸν εἰς θρέψιν τοῖς ὀστοῖς παρεσκευασμένον.
And these cavities naturally contain in themselves a thick and white liquid prepared for the nourishment of the bones.
οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ δέρματι πόροι καθ’ ὅν τινα γίγνονται τρόπον, ἐν τοῖς περὶ κράσεων εἴρηται.
And in what manner the pores in the skin are formed has been discussed in On Mixtures.
ταυτὶ μὲν οὖν ἀναγκαῖον ἦν ἀναμνῆσαι σαφηνείας ἕνεκεν τῶν μελλόντων λεχθήσεσθαι.
Therefore, it was necessary to recall these things for the sake of clarity of what is about to be said.
περὶ δὲ τῆς ἀνωμάλου δυσκρασίας ἤδη ῥητέον, ὁποία τέ τις ἡ φύσις αὐτῆς ἐστι καὶ ὅσοι τρόποι γενέσεως.
Now, concerning unequal dyscrasia, we must speak immediately about what its nature is and how many modes of generation there are.
ὅτι μὲν δὴ μία κρᾶσις οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν ἅπασι τοῖς μέρεσι τοῦ πεπονθότος οὕτω σώματος, ἔμπροσθεν εἴρηται.
That a single mixture does not exist in all the parts of the body thus affected has been said before.
ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν ἁπάσης ἀνωμάλου δυσκρασίας κοινόν· αἱ διαφοραὶ δὲ ταῖς τῶν πεπονθότων σωμάτων ἕπονται φύσεσιν.
But while this is common to every unequal dyscrasia, the differences follow the natures of the affected bodies.
ἄλλως μὲν γὰρ ἡ ἁπλῆ σὰρξ, ἄλλως δὲ ὁ σύμπας μῦς εἰς ἀνώμαλον ἀφικνεῖται κρᾶσιν.
For simple flesh arrives at an unequal mixture in one way, and the entire muscle in another way.