§2#1Σκόπει οὖν, ἐπί τινος ἀῤῥώστου γυναικὸς ἃ λέγει.
Look, therefore, at what he says in the case of a certain sick woman.
ἑτέρην ἐξ ἀποφθορῆς περὶ πεντάμηνον, οἰκέτεω γυναῖκα, πῦρ ἔλαβεν, ἀρχομένη δὲ κωματώδης, καὶ πάλιν ἄγρυπνος. φαίνεται γὰρ διαστέλλων κατ’ ἀντίθεσιν τὸ κῶμα τῆς ἀγρυπνίας, ὡς ἐναντία.
"Another woman, the wife of a domestic slave, after a miscarriage at about five months, was seized by a fever, and at the beginning she was comatose, and again sleepless." For he appears to distinguish by antithesis the coma from the sleeplessness, as opposites.
αὖθις δ’ ἐν τῇ λοιμώδει καταστάσει, κωματώδεές, φησιν, ἐπὶ πολὺ, καὶ πάλιν ἄγρυπνοι. καὶ μετ’ ὀλίγα· κωματώδεες δὲ μάλιστα οἱ φρενιτικοὶ καὶ οἱ καυσώδεες ἦσαν.
And again in the pestilential state, he says: "comatose for the most part, and again sleepless." And after a little: "And the phrenetic and those with ardent fever were especially comatose.
ἀτὰρ καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖσιν ἄλλοισι νουσήμασι, τοῖσι μεγίστοισιν, ὅτι μετὰ πυρετοῦ γίνοιτο.
But indeed also in the case of the other diseases, the greatest ones, whenever they occurred with fever.
διὰ παντὸς δὲ τοῖσι πλείστοισιν ἢ βαρὺ κῶμα παρείπετο, ἢ λεπτοὺς καὶ μικροὺς ὕπνους κοιμᾶσθαι. καὶ πάλιν· ἐν Θάσῳ τὸν Πάριον, ὃς κατέκειτο ὑπὲρ Ἀρτεμισίου, πυρετὸς ἔλαβεν ὀξὺς, κατ’ ἀρχὰς συνεχὴς, καυσώδης, διψώδης, ἀρχόμενος κωματώδης, καὶ πάλιν ἄγρυπνος. ἐν ἅπασι γὰρ τούτοις ἀντιτίθησι τὴν ἀγρυπνίαν τῷ κώματι.
Throughout, however, in most cases, either a heavy coma accompanied, or they slept light and short sleeps." And again: "In Thasos, the man from Paros, who lay sick above the temple of Artemis, was seized by an acute fever, continuous at the beginning, ardent, thirsty, at the beginning comatose, and again sleepless." For in all these cases he contrasts the sleeplessness with the coma.
συνήθως γοῦν οὕτως ἑρμηνεύων, μυριάκις εὑρήσεις αὐτὸν, ὅταν ἐναντίων πραγμάτων μνημονεύῃ, τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον γράφοντα, μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδέποτ’ ἄλλως, οἷον ἐκ πολλῶν ὀλίγα παραγράψω ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ βιβλίου.
Habitually, at any rate, expressing himself in this way, you will find him ten thousand times, whenever he mentions opposite things, writing in this manner, or rather never otherwise; as a few out of many, I shall copy down from the same book.
κάλλιον γὰρ ἐξ ἑνὸς εἶναι δοκεῖ πάντα τὰ παραδείγματα λαβεῖν.
For it seems better to take all the examples from one.
δύο γυναῖκας ἀναγράφων πρὸ τῆς λοιμώδους καταστάσεως, ἐπὶ μὲν τῆς προτέρης φησὶν, ἑτέρην ἐξ ἀποφθορῆς περὶ πεντάμηνον, οἰκέτεω γυναῖκα, πῦρ ἔλαβεν, ἀρχομένη δὲ κωματώδης, καὶ πάλιν ἄγρυπνος. ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς δευτέρας φησί· γυναῖκα, ἥτις κατέκειτο ἐπὶ ψευδέων ἀγορῇ, τότε τεκοῦσαν πρῶτον ἐπιπόνως ἄρσεν, πῦρ ἔλαβεν· καὶ πάλιν εἰς νύκτα ἐπεῤῥίγωσεν, ἄκρεα οὐκ ἀνεθερμαίνοντο, οὐκ ὕπνωσε, σμικρὰ παρέκρουσε, καὶ πάλιν ταχὺ κατενόει· η΄ περὶ μέσον ἡμέρης ἀνεθερμάνθη, διψώδης, κωματώδης, ἀσώδης. ἑξῆς δ’ ἐν τῷ λοιμῷ πολλοὺς ἀῤῥώστους γράφει, πρῶτόν θ’ ἁπάντων, οὗ μικρὸν πρόσθεν ἐμνημόνευσα, ποικίλως τε καὶ ἀνωμάλως νοσήσαντα, καὶ πολλὰς πολλάκις (ἀπιότ. καὶ ἀχειρόπ. ) εἰς τἀναντία μεταβολὰς ποιησάμενον.
Recording two women before the pestilential state, on the first he says: "Another woman, after a miscarriage at about five months, the wife of a domestic slave, was seized by a fever, and at the beginning she was comatose, and again sleepless." But on the second he says: "A woman, who lay sick on the False Market, having then for the first time given birth with difficulty to a male child, was seized by a fever; and again towards night she suffered a chill, her extremities did not warm up, she did not sleep, she was slightly delirious, and again quickly became rational; on the eighth day, about midday, she warmed up, thirsty, comatose, nauseated." And next, in the pestilence, he writes of many sick people, and first of all, of the one whom I mentioned a little earlier, who was sick in a varied and irregular way, and who made many times, without resolution and without manual treatment (ἀπιόντων καὶ ἀχειροποιήτων), changes to the opposites.
ἄρχεται δὲ τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον· ἐν Θάσῳ τὸν Πάριον, ὃς κατέκειτο ὑπὲρ Ἀρτεμισίου, πυρετὸς ἔλαβεν ὀξύς. ἀλλ’ οὐδὲν εἰς τὸν παρόντα λόγον χρεία πρώτων ἡμερῶν, ὧν δὲ χρῄζω, τούτων μνημονεύσω.
And he begins in this manner: "In Thasos, the man from Paros, who lay sick above the temple of Artemis, was seized by an acute fever." But there is no need of the first days for the present discourse; I shall mention those things of which I have need.
ἑνδεκάτῃ ἵδρωσεν οὐ δι’ ὅλου, περιέψυξε μὲν, ταχὺ δὲ πάλιν ἀνεθερμάνθη. σαφῶς γὰρ ἂν τῷ περιέψυξε τὸ ἀνεθερμάνθη ἐναντίον. ἔπειτα δωδεκάτῃ πυρετὸς ὀξὺς, διαχωρήματα χολώδεα, λεπτὰ, πολλὰ, οὔροισιν ἐναιώρημα, παρέκρουσεν.
"On the eleventh day he sweated, not all over; he chilled, but quickly again warmed up." For clearly "warmed up" is the opposite to "chilled." Then on the twelfth an acute fever, bilious stools, thin, many, a suspension in the urine, he was delirious.
ἑπτακαιδεκάτῃ ἐπιπόνως.
On the seventeenth with difficulty.
οὔτε γὰρ ὕπνοι, ὅ τε πυρετὸς ἐπέτεινεν.
For there were no sleeps, and the fever intensified.
εἰκοστῇ ἵδρωσεν δι’ ὅλου, ἄπυρος, διαχωρήματα χολώδεα, ἀπόσιτος, κωματώδης.
"On the twentieth he sweated all over, free from fever, bilious stools, appetite-less, comatose.
εἰκοστῇ τετάρτῃ ὑπέστρεψεν. τριακοστῇ τετάρτῃ ἄπυρος, κοιλίη οὐ ξυνίστατο, καὶ πάλιν ἀνεθερμάνθη. τεσσαρακοστῇ ἄπυρος, κοιλίη ξυνέστη χρόνον οὐ πολὺν, ἀπόσιτος, σμικρὰ πάλιν ἐπύρεξε. πάλιν· εἰ γάρτοι διαλείποι καὶ διακουφίσαιεν, πάλιν ταχὺ ὑπέστρεφεν. ἐναντίον γὰρ τῷ διακουφίσαι τὸ ὑποστρέψαι. καὶ τὰ κατὰ κοιλίην, φησὶ, συνιστάμενα, καὶ πάλιν διαλυόμενα. τὸ γὰρ συνίστασθαι τῷ διαλύεσθαι ἐναντίον. ἑξῆς δ’ ἑτέραν ἄῤῥωστον ἐκτιθέμενος, ὀγδόῃ, φησὶ, πολλὰ παρέκρουσε καὶ τὰς ἐχομένας, καὶ ταχὺ πάλιν κατενόει. καὶ πάλιν ἑξῆς· εἰκοστῇ μικρὰ περιέψυξε, καὶ ταχὺ πάλιν ἀνεθερμάνθη. καὶ αὖθις· ἑβδόμῃ καὶ εἰκοστῇ ἄπυρος, κοιλία ξυνέστη.
On the twenty-fourth it relapsed." "On the thirty-fourth free from fever, the belly was not bound, and again he warmed up." "On the fortieth free from fever, the belly was bound for no long time, appetite-less, again he had a slight fever." Again: "For if indeed it intermitted and they were relieved, again quickly it relapsed." For "relapsing" is opposite to "being relieved." "And the things concerning the belly," he says, "being bound, and again loosened." For "being bound" is opposite to "being loosened." And next, setting forth another sick woman, he says: "On the eighth, she was very delirious, and on the following days, and quickly again she became rational." And again next: "On the twentieth she chilled a little, and quickly again warmed up." And again: "On the twenty-seventh free from fever, the belly was bound.
οὐ πολλῷ δὲ χρόνῳ ὕστερον ἰσχίου δεξιοῦ ὀδύνη ἰσχυρὴ χρόνον πολὺν, πυρετοὶ δὲ πάλιν παρείποντο. εἶτ’ ἐφεξῆς· καὶ τὰς ἑπομένας ἄφωνος, καὶ πάλιν κατενόει καὶ διελέγετο. ἀλλὰ τί δεῖ μακρολογεῖν ἁπάντων μνημονεύοντα μυρίων μυριάκις ὄντων;
Not much time later, a strong pain in the right hip for a long time, and fevers again accompanied." Then next: "And on the following days speechless, and again she became rational and conversed." But what need is there to speak at length, mentioning all of them when they are ten thousand times ten thousand?
οὕτω πολλὰ παρ’ αὐτοῦ τοῦ τοιούτου εἴδους τῆς ἑρμηνείας.
So many are the instances of this kind of expression from him.
ὡς ὅταν λέγῃ, κωματώδης καὶ πάλιν ἄγρυπνος, ἐναργῶς ἀντιτίθησι τῇ ἀγρυπνίᾳ τὸ κῶμα.
So when he says, "comatose and again sleepless", he clearly contrasts the coma with the sleeplessness.
καὶ μὴν ἀγρυπνίᾳ καταφορὰν εἰς ὕπνον ἔχεις ἀντιτιθέναι, καὶ οὐδὲν ἄλλο τοίνυν θάτερον ἀναφαίνεται πάλιν ἐκ τοῦ κώματος σημαινόμενον.
And indeed, you can contrast a sinking into sleep with sleeplessness, and therefore nothing else than this latter appears to be signified again by the coma.
τί δ’ ὅταν λέγῃ, κατεῖχε δ’ ἢ τὸ κῶμα συνεχὲς οὐχ ὑπνῶδες, ἢ μετὰ πόνων ἄγρυπνοι.
And what when he says: "either a continuous coma, not sleepy, held them, or they were sleepless with pains"?
καὶ γὰρ ἂν καὶ τὸ τοιοῦτο εἶδος τῆς ἑρμηνείας ἴδιον Ἱπποκράτει, ἐπισημαίνεσθαι τὰ συνέπεσθαι μὲν εἰωθότα, νῦν δ’ οὐχ ἑπόμενα παρὰ λόγον.
For indeed also this kind of expression is peculiar to Hippocrates, to note things that usually happen together, but which now, contrary to expectation, do not follow.
οἷον ὅταν εἴπῃ, οἱ μὲν οὖν καῦσοι ἐλαχίστοισί τε ἐγένοντο, καὶ ἥκιστα τῶν καμνόντων οὗτοι ἐπόνησαν.
For example, when he says: "The ardent fevers indeed occurred in very few, and these suffered least of the sick.
οὔτε γὰρ αἱμοῤῥαγίη, εἰ μὲ πάνυ τι σμικρὰ καὶ ὀλίγοισιν, οὔτε παράληροι. καὶ μετὰ ὀλίγα· οὐδ’ ἀποθανόντα οὐδένα οἶδα τότε καύσῳ, οὐδὲ φρενιτικὰ τότε γενόμενα. δι’ ἅ λάβρον ἐκ ῥινῶν αἱμοῤῥαγεῖν, ἅπτεσθαι τῆς διανοίας, ὀξεῖς σχεῖν κινδύνους, μηδὲν ἀπαντῆσαν τηνικαῦτα, ὁμοίως ἐπισημαίνεται.
For there was neither hemorrhage, unless indeed very small and in a few, nor light-headedness (delirium)." And after a little: "Nor do I know of anyone then dying of ardent fever, nor of any phrenetic states then occurring." Because of which, that violent hemorrhage from the nose, affection of the mind, having acute dangers, did not happen at all at that time, he likewise notes.
καὶ τὸ ἐπιφερόμενον δ’, οὐδὲ φρενιτικὰ οἶδα τότε γενόμενα, κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν εἴρηται λόγον.
And the following statement, "nor do I know of phrenetic states then occurring", is said according to the same reasoning.
ἐπὶ γὰρ ταῖς αὐταῖς καταστάσεσι καὶ τοῖς αὐτοῖς αἰτίοις οἵ τε καῦσοι καὶ φρενίτιδες, ἀμέλει κατὰ τὴν ὥραν πλεονάζουσι τὴν θερινὴν, καὶ ἐν χωρίοις θερμοτέροις, καὶ ἐν ἡλικίᾳ τῇ τῶν ἀκμαζόντων, καὶ ἐν φύσεσι θερμοτέραις, καὶ διαιτήμασιν ὡσαύτως, καὶ ἐπιτηδεύμασιν.
For in the same constitutions and from the same causes, both ardent fevers and phrenitis, of course, abound during the summer season, and in warmer regions, and in the prime of life, and in warmer natures, and likewise in diets and occupations.
καὶ τὰ φρενιτικὰ πλεονάζειν ἀξιοῦν ἦν, ὡς παράλογον ἐπισημήνασθαι τὸ ἀπαντῆσαν, φρενίτιδες μὲν οὐδ’ ὅλως ἐγένοντο, καῦσοι δὲ πολλοί.
And it was to be expected that the phrenetic symptoms would also abound, so that he noted what happened as contrary to expectation, namely, that phrenitis did not occur at all, but ardent fevers were many.
κατὰ τὴν αὐτὴν γνώμην εἴρηται καὶ ταῦτ’· ἦν δ’ ἡ κατάστασις τῶν γενομένων καύσων. ἀρχόμενοι κωματώδεες, ἀσώδεες, φρικώδεες, πυρετὸς οὐκ ὀξὺς, οὐδὲ διψώδεες λίην, οὐδὲ παράληροι.
According to the same intention, these things also have been said: "And the constitution of the ardent fevers that occurred was: at the beginning comatose, nauseous, shivering, fever not acute, nor excessively thirsty, nor delirious."