§2#1Τίνες οὖν ἑκάστου τῶν εἰρημένων νοσημάτων αἰτίαι τῆς γενέσεως, ἤδη σκοπώμεθα, ἀρχὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ κατὰ θερμασίαν ἄμετρον δυσκράτου νοσήματος ποιησάμενοι.
us then now examine what are the causes of generation of each of the mentioned diseases, making our beginning from the disease of bad mixture according to immoderate heat.
φαίνεται δὴ κᾀπὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων σωμάτων, ὁπόσα θερμότερα γίγνεται σφῶν αὐτῶν, ἢ ἐκ κινήσεώς τινος αὐξανομένου τοῦ θερμοῦ, ἢ ἐκ σηπεδόνος, ἢ ἐξ ὁμιλίας ἑτέρου θερμοτέρου σώματος, ἢ ἐκ στεγνώσεως, ἢ ἐξ ἐπιτηδείου τροφῆς.
Indeed, it is apparent also in the case of all other bodies, as many as become hotter than themselves, either from the heat being increased from some movement, or from putrefaction, or from association with another hotter body, or from closing-up, or from suitable nourishment.
ἐκ μὲν κινήσεως ἐπί τε τῶν γυμναζομένων ὁπωσοῦν καὶ τῶν παρατριβομένων ἀλλήλοις λίθων, ἢ ξύλων, καὶ τῆς ῥιπιζομένης φλογός.
From movement, this is seen both in the case of those who exercise in any way, and in stones or pieces of wood rubbed against one another, and in a fanned flame.
ἐκ σήψεως δὲ τῶν τε ἄλλων ἁπάντων καὶ μάλιστα σπερμάτων, ἢ κόπρου· ἐγὼ γοῦν οἶδα καὶ ἀναφθέντα ποτὲ περιστερῶν ἀποπατήματα διασαπέντα.
From putrefaction, in all other things and especially in seeds or dung; I at least know of even the droppings of pigeons having once caught fire when thoroughly decayed.
καὶ μὲν δὴ καὶ ὡς ἐκ τῆς τῶν θερμοτέρων ὁμιλίας θερμαίνεται τὰ πλησιάζοντα, πρόδηλον παντὶ βαλανείων ἀναμνησθέντι καὶ ἡλίου θερινοῦ καὶ φλογὸς ἁπάσης.
And indeed, also how adjacent things are heated from association with hotter things is perfectly clear to anyone who recalls baths, the summer sun, and any flame.
οὕτω δὲ καὶ εἰ πῦρ ἀνάψαις χειμῶνος ἐν οἴκῳ μεγάλῳ, στεγνώσας μὲν αὐτοῦ τὰς διαπνοὰς, ἀθροίσαις ἂν ἔνδον τὸ θερμὸν, ἐάσας δὲ ἀνεῷχθαι πανταχόθεν, οὐδὲν ἕξεις πλέον.
And likewise, if you should light a fire in winter in a large house, having closed up its air-holes you would accumulate the heat inside, but if you leave it open on all sides, you will have no advantage.
ἀτὰρ οὖν καὶ τὰ βαλανεῖα καὶ αἱ κάμινοι τὸν αὐτὸν τοῦτον τρόπον ἀθροίζουσι τὸ θερμὸν ἑαυτῶν ἔνδον.
In just this way, then, baths and ovens also accumulate their heat inside.
ᾧ δῆλον ὡς καὶ στέγνωσις ποτὲ θερμασίας πλείονος αἰτία.
By which it is clear that closing-up also is sometimes a cause of greater heat.
δῆλον δὲ καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ὕλης, ὡς κάλαμοι μὲν οἱ ξηροὶ ῥᾳδίως ἐξαίρουσιν ἐπὶ μέγιστον τὴν φλόγα, ξύλα δέ γε χλωρὰ, καὶ μάλιστα ἢν πλείω σωρεύσῃς ἐπ’ αὐτὴν, ἄχρι μὲν πολλοῦ βαρύνει τε καὶ οἷον καταπνίγει τὴν φλόγα, τελευτῶντα δὲ αὐξάνει.
And clear too is that from matter, how dry reeds easily raise the flame to the greatest height, while green wood—especially if you pile more of it upon it—for a long time weighs down and as it were chokes the flame, but in the end increases it.
πῶς οὖν ἐν τῷ τοῦ ζώου σώματι τούτων ἕκαστον ἀποτελεῖται;
How then is each of these accomplished in the body of the animal?
γυμνασθεὶς μέν τις ἀμετρότερον ἐκοπώθη.
On the one hand, someone who has exercised rather immoderately becomes fatigued.
τοῦτο δ’ ἐστὶ θερμασίαν ἔχειν ἄμετρον ἐν τοῖς ἄρθροις τε καὶ τοῖς μυσὶ πλείονα τοῦ κατὰ φύσιν.
And this is to have an immoderate heat in the joints and muscles, greater than what is according to nature.
ταῦτα γὰρ ἦν καὶ τὰ πρώτως κινούμενα.
For these were the parts primarily moved.
καὶ εἰ μὲν ἐνταῦθα καταμείνειεν ἡ θέρμη καὶ φθάσειεν λυθῆναι, πρὶν ἐπινείμασθαι σύμπαν τοῦ ζώου τὸ σῶμα, κόπος ἂν οὕτω γε μόνον εἴη τὸ γεγονός· εἰ δὲ εἰς ἅπαν ἐκταθείη τὸ σῶμα, πυρετὸς ὀνομάζεται τὸ νόσημα, τοῦ παντὸς ζώου θερμότης τις ἄμετρος οὖσα.
And if on the one hand the heat should remain there and succeed in being dissolved before spreading over the whole body of the animal, the occurrence would thus be only fatigue; but if it should extend to the whole, the disease is named fever, being an immoderate heat of the entire animal.
οὕτω δὲ καὶ ὁ θυμὸς, ζέσις τις ὢν τοῦ περὶ τὴν καρδίαν θερμοῦ, διὰ κίνησιν ἄμετρον ὅλον ἐπινειμάμενος ἐνίοτε τὸ σῶμα πυρετὸν ἀνῆψε.
And likewise anger, being a boiling of the heat around the heart, sometimes having spread over the entire body because of immoderate movement, kindles a fever.
καὶ μὲν δὴ καὶ ὅσα σήπεται κατὰ τοῦ ζώου σῶμα, τινὰ μὲν ἐν αὐτοῖς τοῖς μέρεσιν, ἐν οἷς σήπεται, θερμασίαν ἄμετρον ἐργάζεται, καθάπερ ἐρυσιπέλατά τε καὶ ἕρπητες καὶ ἄνθρακες καὶ φλεγμοναὶ καὶ φύγεθλα, τὰ δ’ ὅλον τὸ σῶμα συνεκθερμήναντα πυρετὸν ἤγειρε.
And indeed, also whatever undergoes putrefaction in the body of the animal, some things produce immoderate heat in those very parts in which they rot, just like erysipelas, herpes, carbuncles, inflammations, and swollen glands, while others, by heating the whole body along with them, arouse a fever.
καὶ γὰρ οὖν καὶ τὸ τρίτον αἴτιον ἀμέτρου θερμότητος ἔκ τε τούτων ἤδη πρόδηλον, ὅπως ἐπιγίγνεται τοῖς ζώοις, κᾀκ τῶν καλουμένων ἐγκαύσεων.
For indeed, the third cause of immoderate heat is also already clear from these things, how it happens to animals, and from the so-called sunburns.
ἐπί τε γὰρ τοῖς βουβῶσι καὶ ταῖς φλεγμοναῖς καὶ τοῖς ἐρυσιπέλασι καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς οὕτω θερμοῖς νοσήμασιν ἀεὶ τὸ ψαῦόν τε καὶ συνεχὲς μόριον αὐτὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἀπολαύει τῆς θερμασίας, ἔπειτα δὲ καὶ τῷ πλησιάζοντι μεταδίδωσι, κᾀκεῖνο αὖθις τῷ μεθ’ ἑαυτὸ, καὶ οὕτως ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς ἐμφύτου θερμασίας ἀφικομένης τῆς δυσκρασίας ὅλον ἐν τάχει τὸ σῶμα μεταλαμβάνει τοῦ τῆς ἀρχῆς παθήματος.
For in the case of buboes, inflammations, erysipelas, and all such hot diseases, the touching and contiguous part always itself first takes of the heat, and then transmits it to the adjacent part, and that in turn to the one after it, and thus, when the bad mixture reaches the source of the innate heat, the whole body quickly partakes of the affection of the source.
αἱ δ’ ἐν τοῖς ἡλιουμένοις χωρίοις διατριβαὶ πολυχρόνιοι τῶν μὲν γυμνῶν ὅλον ἐκθερμαίνουσιν ἀμέτρως ἐνίοτε τὸ δέρμα, τῶν δ’ ἠμφιεσμένων μόνην τὴν κεφαλήν.
And long stays in sunny places sometimes immoderately heat the entire skin of those who are naked, but of those who are clothed, only the head.
καὶ τοῦτ’ ἔστιν ἡ ἔγκαυσις.
And this is sunburn.
εἰ δ’ ἅπαν ἐπινεμηθείη τὸ σῶμα, πυρετὸς ἂν οὕτω γένοιτο.
And if it should spread to the entire body, a fever would thus arise.
τὸ δὲ τέταρτον γίνος τῆς αἰτίας τῆς ἀναπτούσης ἀμέτρως τὴν ἔμφυτον θερμασίαν ἐπί τε ταῖς ψύξεσι καὶ στύψεσιν ὁρᾶται γιγνόμενον.
And the fourth kind of cause that kindles the innate heat immoderately is seen occurring in cases of chilling and astringencies.
ῥιγώσας γὰρ τις ἀμέτρως καὶ νηξάμενος ἐν ὕδατι στυπτηριώδει, ἤ τινος τοιαύτης ἑτέρας μετέχοντι δυνάμεως, ἐστέγνωσέ τε καὶ ἐπύκνωσε τὸ δέρμα καὶ τὰς διαπνοὰς ἔνδον καθεῖρξεν.
For someone who has become immoderately chilled, or has swum in water containing alum or possessing some other such power, has closed up and condensed the skin, and has confined the evaporations inside.
αἱ δ’ εἰ τύχοιεν οὖσαι καπνώδεις ἀθροισθεῖσαι, πυρετὸν ἐγέννησαν.
And if these happen to be smoky, when accumulated, they generate a fever.
τὸ δὲ δὴ πέμπτον εἶδος τῆς ἀναπτομένης ἀμέτρως θερμότητος ἐδεσμάτων εἰσὶ ποιότητες δριμεῖαι καὶ θερμαὶ, σκορόδων τε καὶ πράσων καὶ κρομμύων καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα τοιαῦτα.
And the fifth species of immoderately kindled heat is the pungent and hot qualities of foods, of garlic, leeks, onions, and all other such things.
καὶ γὰρ οὖν καὶ ἡ τούτων χρῆσις ἀμετροτέρα γιγνομένη πυρετὸν ἤγειρεν ἐνίοτε.
For indeed, the rather immoderate use of these also sometimes aroused a fever.
καὶ μὲν δὴ καὶ πομάτων θερμῶν, οἷον οἴνου τε παλαιοῦ καὶ δριμέος προσενεχθέντος πλείονος ἀσθενεῖ σώματι καὶ φαρμάκων δριμέων ἀλεξητηρίων τε καὶ δηλητηρίων, ἐπύρεξαν ἄνθρωποι, τί οὖν δή, φασιν, οὐ διὰ παντὸς ἐφ’ ἑκάστῳ τῶν εἰρημένων αἰτίων ἀνάπτεται πυρετός;
And indeed also from hot drinks, such as old and pungent wine administered in rather large quantity to a weak body, and from pungent drugs, both protective and destructive, people have run a fever. Why then indeed, they say, is a fever not in every case kindled by each of the mentioned causes?