§1## ΓΑΛΗΝΟΥ ΠΕΡΙ ΤΗΣ ΕΞ ΕΝΥΠΝΙΩΝ ΔΙΑΓΝΩΣΕΩΣ.
Τὸ ἐνύπνιον δὲ ἡμῖν ἐνδείκνυται διάθεσιν τοῦ σώματος.
GALEN ON DIAGNOSIS FROM DREAMS. The dream indicates to us the condition of the body.
πυρκαϊὰν μέν τις ὁρῶν ὄναρ ὑπὸ τῆς ξανθῆς ἐνοχλεῖται χολῆς· εἰ δὲ καπνὸν, ἢ ἀχλὺν, ἢ βαθὺ σκότος, ὑπὸ τῆς μελαίνης χολῆς· ὄμβρος δὲ ψυχρὰν ὑγρότητα πλεονάζειν ἐνδείκνυται· χιὼν δὲ καὶ κρύσταλλος καὶ χάλαζα φλέγμα ψυχρόν.
For instance, one who sees a conflagration in a dream is troubled by yellow bile; if smoke, or mist, or deep darkness, by black bile; rain indicates that cold moisture is superabundant; and snow, ice, and hail indicate cold phlegm.
δεῖ δὲ καὶ τῷ καιρῷ καὶ τῇ ληφθείσῃ τροφῇ προσέχειν.
But one must also pay attention to the season and the food that has been consumed.
ὁ γὰρ χιονίζεσθαι δοκῶν εἰ κατ’ εἰσβολὴν παροξυσμοῦ μετὰ ῥίγους ἢ φρίκης ἢ καταψύξεως γενομένου τοῦτ’ ἐμφαντασθῇ, τῷ καιρῷ τὸ πλέον, οὐ τῇ διαθέσει τοῦ σώματος διδόναι χρή·
For if someone who dreams that it is snowing has this image presented to him at the onset of a paroxysm accompanied by shivering, shuddering, or chilling, one must attribute this mostly to the moment, not to the condition of the body.
κατὰ μέντοι τὴν παρακμὴν τοιοῦτον ὄναρ θεασάμενος, βεβαιοτέραν ἡμῖν ἔνδειξιν ἐργάσεται τῆς τῶν ἐπικρατούντων χυμῶν ψυχρότητος, ἔτι δὲ μᾶλλον, ἐὰν μὴ ἐδηδοκὼς ᾖ τι τῶν φλεγματικῶν ἐδεσμάτων, ὧν ἐν τῇ γαστρὶ περιεχομένων, ἐνδέχεται τοιαύτην τινὰ γενέσθαι φαντασίαν, καίτοι τῆς ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ σώματι διαθέσεως οὐκ οὔσης ὁμοίας.
However, if he sees such a dream during the decline of the paroxysm, it will produce for us a more certain indication of the coldness of the prevailing humors, and even more so if he has not eaten any of the phlegmatic foods, which, when contained in the stomach, can cause such an image to occur, although the condition of the body as a whole is not the same.
ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐν τοῖς ὕπνοις οὐκ ἐπὶ ταῖς τοῦ σώματος ἡ ψυχὴ διαθέσεσι φαντάζεται μόνον, ἀλλὰ κᾀκ τῶν συνήθως ἡμῖν πραττομένων ὁσημέραι, ἔνια δὲ ἐξ ὧν πεφροντίκαμεν, καὶ δή τινα μαντικῶς ὑπ’ αὐτῆς προδηλοῦνται, (καὶ γὰρ τοῦτο τῇ πείρᾳ μαρτυρεῖται,) δύσκολος ἡ διάγνωσις τοῦ σώματος γίγνεται ἐκ τῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ σώματος ὁρμωμένων ἐνυπνίων.
But since, during sleep, the soul does not only form images based on the conditions of the body, but also from the things we customarily do every day, and some from what we have been anxious about, and indeed some things are predicted prophetically by the soul itself (for this too is witnessed by experience), the diagnosis of the body from dreams originating from the body becomes difficult.
εἰ μὲν γὰρ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐφ’ ἡμέρας πραττομένων ἢ φροντιζομένων ἔδει διακρίνειν αὐτὸ μόνον, οὐδὲν ἂν ἦν χαλεπὸν, ὅσα μηδὲ πέπρακται, μηδὲ φροντίζεται, ταῦτα ἐκ τοῦ σώματος ὁρμᾶσθαι δοκεῖν·
For if we only had to distinguish it from the things done or worried about during the day, it would not be difficult at all to consider that whatever has been neither done nor worried about originates from the body.
ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ μαντικά τινα συγχωροῦμεν εἶναι, πῶς ταῦτ’ ἂν διακριθείη τῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ σώματος ὁρμωμένων, οὐ ῥᾴδιον εἰπεῖν.
But since we also concede that there are some prophetic dreams, it is not easy to say how these could be distinguished from those originating from the body.
ἐθεάσατο γοῦν τις τὸ ἕτερον τῶν σκελῶν λίθινον γεγονέναι, καὶ τοῦτο ἔκριναν πολλοὶ τῶν περὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα δεινῶν ὡς πρὸς τοὺς δούλους τείνειν τὸ ὄναρ, ἀλλὰ παρελύθη τὸ σκέλος ἐκεῖνο ὁ ἄνθρωπος, οὐδενὸς ἡμῶν προσδοκήσαντος τοῦτο.
For instance, someone saw in a dream that one of his legs had become stone, and many of those skilled in such matters judged that this dream referred to slaves, but the man had that leg paralyzed, although none of us expected this.
τὸν μὲν γὰρ παλαιστὴν ἐν αἵματος δεξαμενῇ δόξαντα ἑστάναι καὶ μόγις αὐτῆς ὑπερέχοντα πλῆθος αἵματος ἔχειν ἐτεκμηράμεθα, καὶ δεῖσθαι κενώσεως.
For on the one hand, when a wrestler seemed to stand in a pool of blood and barely rise above it, we inferred that he had an excess of blood and needed evacuation.
τινὲς δὲ ἱδροῦν κριτικῶς μέλλοντες λούεσθαι καὶ κολυμβᾷν ἔδοξαν ἐν θερμῶν ὑδάτων δεξαμεναῖς.
On the other hand, some who were about to sweat critically dreamed that they were bathing and swimming in pools of warm water.
οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἡ τοῦ πίνειν φαντασία χωρὶς τοῦ πίμπλασθαι διψῶσι πάνυ συμβαίνει, καθάπερ καὶ τοῦ ἐσθίειν ἀπλήστως τοῖς πεινῶσι, τοῦ δὲ ἀφροδισιάζειν τοῖς σπέρματος πλήρεσιν.
In the same way, the image of drinking without being satisfied happens to those who are very thirsty, just as that of eating insatiably happens to the hungry, and that of sexual intercourse to those full of semen.
ἔοικε γὰρ ἐν τοῖς ὕπνοις εἰς τὸ βάθος τοῦ σώματος ἡ ψυχὴ εἰσδῦσα καὶ τῶν ἐκτὸς ἀποχωρήσασα αἰσθητῶν τῆς κατὰ τὸ σῶμα διαθέσεως αἰσθάνεσθαι, καὶ πάντων, ὧν ὀρέγεται, τούτων ὡς ἤδη παρόντων λαμβάνειν φαντασίαν.
For it seems that, during sleep, the soul, having retreated into the depth of the body and withdrawn from external objects of sense, perceives the condition of the body, and receives an image of all the things it desires as if they were already present.
καὶ εἴπερ ἔχει ταῦθ’ οὕτως, οὐδὲν ἂν εἴη θαυμαστὸν, ὁπότε μὲν ὑπὸ πλήθους χυμῶν ἡ ψυχικὴ δύναμις ἐνοχλεῖται βαρυνομένη, μόγις μὲν κινουμένους ἑαυτοὺς κατ’ ὄναρ φαντάζεσθαι καὶ βαστάζοντας ἄχθη τινά·
And if this is so, it would be no wonder if, when the power of the soul is troubled and weighed down by an excess of humors, people imagine in dreams that they move with difficulty and carry certain burdens.
τοὐναντίον δὲ, ὅταν ᾖ κούφη τε καὶ ἀπέριττος ἡ τοῦ σώματος διάθεσις, ἤτοι πετομένους, ἦ θέοντας ὠκύτατα τοὺς οὕτω διακειμένους ὁρᾷν ὄναρ, ὁμοιουμένων ἀεὶ τῶν φαντασμάτων τῆς ψυχῆς ταῖς τοῦ σώματος διαθέσεσιν, ἄχρι τοῦ καὶ τῶν δυσωδῶν ἢ εὐωδῶν ἀνέχεσθαι δοκεῖν.
Conversely, when the condition of the body is light and free of excess, it is no wonder that those who are so disposed see in a dream that they are either flying or running very swiftly; for the images of the soul always resemble the conditions of the body, even to the point of seeming to experience foul or sweet odors.
οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἐν κόπρῳ καὶ βορβόροις διατρίβειν ἑαυτοὺς φαντασθέντες ἤτοι τοὺς χυμοὺς ἐν αὑτοῖς μοχθηροὺς καὶ δυσώδεις καὶ σεσηπότας ἔχουσιν, ἢ πλῆθος κόπρου περιεχομένης ἐν τοῖς ἐντέροις· τοὺς δὲ ἔμπαλιν τούτων διακειμένους καὶ δοκοῦντας ἐν εὐώδεσι τόποις διατρίβειν ἐναντίαν ἔχειν ἐν τῷ σώματι διάθεσιν ἡγητέον.
For those who imagine themselves to be spending time in dung and mire either have corrupt, foul-smelling, and putrid humors in themselves, or a large amount of dung contained in their intestines; whereas those who are in the opposite state and seem to spend time in sweet-smelling places must be considered to have the opposite condition in their body.
ἃ τοίνυν ὁρῶσιν οἱ κάμνοντες ἐν τοῖς ἐνυπνίοις καὶ πράττειν δοκοῦσιν, ἐνδείξεται πολλάκις ἡμῖν ἐνδείας τε καὶ πλεονεξίας καὶ ποιότητας χυμῶν.
Therefore, what sick people see in dreams and seem to do will often indicate to us the deficiencies, excesses, and qualities of their humors.