§4Καίτοι γινώσκω τοὺς περὶ τὸν Ἀρχιγένην καί τινας ἔτι πρότερον ἐν μὲν ταῖς συστολαῖς πληροῦσθαι τὰς ἀρτηρίας οἰομένους, ἐν δὲ ταῖς διαστολαῖς κενοῦσθαι.
And yet I know that those around Archigenes and some even before them think that the arteries are filled during the systoles, and emptied during the diastoles.
πρὸς γὰρ τὴν ἕλξιν ἐπιτηδειοτάτην εἶναι νομίζουσι τὴν συστολὴν, τεκμαιρόμενοι μάλιστα τῷ τε στόματι καὶ ταῖς ῥισὶν κατὰ μὲν τὰς εἰσπνοὰς, ὡς ἐκεῖνοί φασι, συστελλομένοις, κατὰ δὲ τὰς ἐκπνοὰς διαστελλομένοις·
For they believe that the systole is most suitable for attraction, judging chiefly by the fact that the mouth and the nostrils, as they say, contract during inspirations and dilate during expirations.
ὅπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀῤῥώστων μὲν τὴν δύναμιν ὁρᾶται γινόμενον.
Which indeed is seen to happen in the case of those who are weak in their power.
οὐδ’ οὖν οὐδ’ ἐπὶ τούτων, κᾂν ἄλλο τι μόριον ᾖ ἐν τοῖς ὑστάτοις καὶ χονδρώδεσι τῶν ῥινῶν.
Yet not even in their case is it seen, unless it be some other part in the outermost and cartilaginous parts of the nostrils.
ὁρᾶται δέ ποτε κᾀπὶ τῶν δραμόντων ὠκέως ἢ ἄλλως πως συντόνως γυμναζομένων, οὐ μὴν ἐπ’ ἄλλου γε οὐδενὸς, οὔθ’ ὑγιαίνοντος, οὔτε νοσοῦντος.
And it is sometimes seen also in the case of those who have run swiftly or have otherwise exercised intensely, but certainly not in anyone else, whether healthy or sick.
χρὴ δὲ τὴν φυσικὴν κατάστασιν, ἥτις ἂν ᾖ, τοῖς ἀπαραποδίστως τε καὶ ἀκριβῶς ὑγιαίνουσι μᾶλλον ἤπερ τοῖς ἄλλοις φαίνεσθαι.
And the natural condition, whatever it may be, must appear in those who are unimpededly and perfectly healthy, rather than in the others.
ἀλλ’ ἔστω γίνεσθαι πᾶσιν ὁμοίως, καὶ φαινέσθωσαν αἵ τε ῥῖνες καὶ τὰ χείλη συστέλλεσθαι τοῖς εἰσπνέουσι, τίς ἡ ἐκ τούτου πίστις τῷ ζητουμένῳ;
But let it be that it happens to all alike, and let it appear that the nostrils and the lips contract in those who inhale; what proof is there from this for the question under inquiry?
οὐ γὰρ δὴ ἀνάλογον φήσουσιν ἔχειν ταῖς ἀρτηρίαις τὰ χείλη καὶ τὰς ῥῖνας.
For they will surely not say that the lips and the nostrils correspond to the arteries.
ἀλλὰ τούτοις μὲν ἀνάλογον τὰ πέρατα τῶν ἀρτηριῶν, αὐταῖς δὲ ταῖς ἀρτηρίαις αἱ ἀπὸ τούτων ἐπὶ τὴν καρδίαν οἷον ὁδοὶ τοῦ πνεύματός εἰσιν.
Rather, the extremities of the arteries correspond to these, and to the arteries themselves correspond, as it were, the pathways of the pneuma from these to the heart.
εἰ μὲν οὖν ἐκείνας ἔχουσι δεῖξαι συστελλομένας ἐν ταῖς εἰσπνοαῖς, εἴη ἄν τι πλέον αὐτοῖς τοῦ παραδείγματος· εἰ δὲ πρὸς τῷ μηδὲν ὠφελεῖσθαι ἔτι καὶ καθ’ ἑαυτῶν αὐτὸ ἐφέλκονται, ἐρούντων ἂν ἡμῶν, ὥσπερ ἡ φάρυγξ, καὶ ὁ πνεύμων, καὶ σύμπας ὁ θώραξ ἐν ταῖς εἰσπνοαῖς διαστέλλεται, καὶ τὰς ἀρτηρίας οὕτω χρῆναι διΐστασθαι, καθ’ ὃν ἕλκουσι καιρὸν, οὐ καθ’ ὃν ἐκπέμπουσι τὸ πνεῦμα.
If, then, they are able to show that those pathways are contracted in inspirations, they would have something more from their example; but if, in addition to being of no benefit, they even bring it upon themselves to their own disadvantage, we might say that just as the pharynx, the lung, and the whole thorax dilate during inspirations, so also the arteries must dilate at the time when they draw in, not when they emit the pneuma.
ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡ μετὰ τὴν συστολὴν αὐτῶν ἡσυχία πολλῷ μακροτέρα γινομένη τῆς μετὰ τὴν διαστολὴν, ὥσπερ καὶ ἡ πρὸ τῆς εἰσπνοῆς τῆς μετ’ αὐτὴν, ἐνδείκνυταί τινα καὶ κατὰ τοῦτο ἀναλογίαν εἶναι τοῖς σφυγμοῖς πρὸς τὴν ἀναπνοήν.
Moreover, also the rest after their systole, which is much longer than that after the diastole, just as also the rest before inspiration is longer than that after it, indicates that in this respect also there is some analogy between the pulsations and respiration.
οἷον γοῦν τι ἡ εἰσπνοὴ τοῖς ἀναπνευστικοῖς ὀργάνοις, τοιοῦτον ἡ διαστολὴ ταῖς ἀρτηρίαις, καὶ οἷον γοῦν τι ἐκείνοις ἡ ἐκπνοὴ, τοιοῦτον ταῖς ἀρτηρίαις ἡ συστολή.
For instance, what inspiration is to the respiratory organs, such is the diastole to the arteries, and what expiration is to them, such is the systole to the arteries.
ταύτης δὲ τῆς διπλῆς καὶ συνθέτου τῶν ἀρτηριῶν κινήσεως, ἣν δὴ καὶ σφυγμὸν ὀνομάζομεν, ἐξηγεῖται μὲν ἡ καρδία, καθάπερ καὶ ἡμῖν ἐν ἑτέροις καὶ μυρίοις ἄλλοις πρὸ ἡμῶν ἀποδέδεικται, οὐ μὴν καθ’ ὃν Ἐρασίστρατος ὑπελάμβανεν τρόπον, ἀλλ’ ὡς Ἡρόφιλός τε καὶ Ἱπποκράτης, καὶ σχεδὸν οἱ δοκιμώτατοι πάντες τῶν παλαιῶν ἰατρῶν τε καὶ φιλοσόφων.
And of this double and composite movement of the arteries, which indeed we also call pulsation, the heart is the leader, just as has been demonstrated both by us in other treatises and by countless others before us; not indeed in the way that Erasistratus supposed, but as Herophilus and Hippocrates, and almost all the most esteemed of the ancient doctors and philosophers did.
ἡ γὰρ ἐν τῷ σώματι τῆς καρδίας δύναμις, ὑφ’ ἧς διαστέλλεται καὶ συστέλλεται, διὰ τῶν χιτώνων ἐπιῤῥέουσα ταῖς ἀρτηρίαις ἁπάσαις, οὕτως αὐτὰς διαστέλλει καὶ συστέλλει, καθάπερ καὶ αὐτὴν τὴν καρδίαν.
For the power in the body of the heart, by which it dilates and contracts, flowing through the tunics to all the arteries, thus dilates and contracts them just as it does the heart itself.
ὡς οὖν ἐκείνη διαστελλομένη μὲν εἰς ἑαυτὴν ἕλκει τὰ πλησιάζοντα τοῖς στόμασιν αὐτῆς, συστελλομένη δὲ ἐκθλίβει, οὕτω καὶ αἱ ἀρτηρίαι διαστελλόμεναι μὲν ἕλκουσι πανταχόθεν, συστελλόμεναι δ’ ἐκθλίβουσι πανταχόσε.
Just as, therefore, that heart when dilating draws into itself the things near its mouths, and when contracting expels them, so also the arteries when dilating draw from all sides, and when contracting expel to all sides.