§4Ἀρχὴ μὲν οὖν ἐστι πολλῶν ἁμαρτημάτων ἡ περὶ τέλους ἑκάστου βίου ὑπόληψις ψευδής· φύεται γὰρ ὥσπερ ἐκ ῥίζης τινὸς ταύτης τὰ κατὰ μέρος ἁμαρτήματα.
Therefore, the origin of many errors is the false conception concerning the end of each life; for individual errors grow as if from this root.
δύναται δέ τις ἐν τῇ περὶ τέλους δόξῃ μὴ σφαλεὶς ἔν τινι τῶν κατὰ μέρος σφαλῆναι, μὴ συνεὶς τῆς ἀκολουθίας.
But it is possible for someone, without having erred in their opinion concerning the end, to err in some of the individual matters, because they have not understood the consequence.
ἐπὶ πλέον δέ σοι, καθάπερ ἔφην ἄρτι, τὰς ἀκολούθους πράξεις ἑκάστῳ τέλει δι’ ἑτέρων ὑπομνημάτων ἤθροισα.
But for you, as I said just now, I have collected the actions consistent with each end in greater detail through other treatises.
νυνὶ δὲ τὰ κεφάλαια μόνα τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων εἶπον, ἃ καὶ βέλτιον εἶναι νομίζω πάλιν ἀναλαβεῖν ἕνεκα τοῦ σύνοψίν τινα τῶν προκειμένων εὐμνημόνευτον γενέσθαι.
But now I have mentioned only the main points of the errors, which I think it is better to take up again for the sake of making an easily remembered summary of the proposed matters.
ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐν τῇ περὶ τέλους σκέψει τὸ κῦρος ἐστὶ τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης εὐδαιμονίας, εἰκότως ἐπὶ τὴν ζήτησιν αὐτοῦ πάντες ἧκον· οἱ δὲ τιμήσαντες ἑαυτοὺς προπετῶς ἀπεφήναντο· ἀπεφήναντο δὲ προπετῶς ἤτοι πάντες, ἢ χωρὶς ἑνός· οὐδ’ αὐτός ἐστι φανερὸς ἄνευ τοῦ κρῖναι τὰς ἀποδείξεις, εἴτ’ ὄντως εἰσὶν ἀποδείξεις, εἴτ’ ἐκείνοις φαίνονται.
For since the authority of human happiness lies in the consideration of the end, naturally all have come to its search; but those who esteemed themselves made declarations rashly; and they declared rashly either all, or all except one; and not even he himself is manifest without judging the proofs, whether they are really proofs, or appear so to them.
τὸν οὖν ἐπιτηροῦντα καὶ παραφυλάττοντα τὰς ἰδίας ἁμαρτίας αὐτὸ τοῦτο χρὴ πρῶτον ἐννοῆσαι, τὸ δίκαιον εἷναι πάντως, ἐπιμελῶς τε καὶ ἀκριβῶς ἀκούσαντα τῶν οἰομένων ἀποδεδειχέναι τὰ ζητούμενα· μετὰ ταῦτα κρίνειν αὐτὰ πειρᾶσθαι, πάλιν κᾀνταῦθα παρ’ αὐτῶν ἀκούσαντα, τίνα τίθενται κριτὴν τῆς ἐν λόγοις ἀληθείας, εἶτα καὶ πάλιν, αὐτὰ ταῦτα πῶς εἶναι χρὴ, βουλευόμενον αὐτὸν ἐπισκεψάμενόν τε, μή τι πάλιν ἕτερον ἀκούουσι κριτήριον ἄλλου κριτηρίου δεόμενον, εἶτ’ ἐπ’ ἐκείνου πάλιν ἄλλο, καὶ τὴν εἰς ἄπειρον ἔκπτωσιν ὑποπτεύσαντα, μετὰ πολλῆς ἀσφαλείας ἐν χρόνῳ πολλῷ σὺν τοῖς ἀληθεστάτοις αὐτῷ φανεῖσιν ἀνδράσιν οὕτως ἐπισκέψασθαι τὸ πρῶτον ἁπάντων κριτήριον, ὃ δῆλον καί τινα λαβὴν ἄκριτον χρὴ καταλαβόντα μεμνῆσθαι πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις.
Therefore, he who observes and watches his own errors must first of all consider this very thing, that it is altogether right, having listened carefully and accurately to those who think they have demonstrated the things sought; after this, to attempt to judge them, having heard from them again in this matter, what they set as the judge of truth in arguments, then also again, deliberating and examining himself how these very things ought to be, lest they are listening to another criterion which itself needs another criterion, and then another upon that, and suspecting the fall into infinity, with great caution over a long time together with the men who appeared most true to him, thus to examine the first criterion of all, which indeed, as some unexamined hold, all men must grasp and remember.
ὁμολογούμενον δ’ ἦν αὐτὸ καὶ χωρὶς κρίσεως ἱκανὸν ἐνδείκνυσθαι τὴν αὐτὴν δύναμίν ἐστι τοῦτο πάσης ἀποδείξεως.
And it was agreed that this, even without judgment, is sufficient to indicate the very same power of all demonstration.
οὕτως τὸ λοιπὸν ἐπ’ αὐτὸ βλέποντα, πάντα ἀνάγειν τὰ κατὰ μέρος, ὅπερ ἀνάλυσιν ἐκάλεσαν ἔνιοι τῶν φιλοσόφων, ὡς ἄνοδόν τινα τῶν μεταξὺ γιγνομένων ἐπὶ τὸ πρῶτον κριτήριον.
Thus for the future, looking to it, to reduce all individual matters, which some of the philosophers called analysis, as a kind of ascent of the intermediate things to the first criterion.
ἅτε δ’ ὄντος τούτου ἱκανῶς χαλεποῦ πράγματος, ὡς ἔργῳ πολλάκις ἔμαθες ἐπὶ τῶν δοξοσόφων ἀσχημονούντων τε καὶ καταγελωμένων, διὰ τὸ μηδὲ τὰ τυχόντα τῶν ζητουμένων δύνασθαι πρὸς τὸ πρῶτον ἀνάγειν κριτήριον, ἑαυτῷ χρὴ παρακολουθεῖν τὸν ἐπιστημονικὸν γενέσθαι βουλόμενον, ἐπὶ πολλῶν τῶν κατὰ μέρος, ὡς ἔμπροσθεν ἔφην, γυμναζόμενον, ἃ μαρτυρῆσαι δύναται τοῖς εὑρίσκουσιν αὐτήν· τοιαῦτα δέ ἐστι τὰ κατὰ τὴν ἀριθμητικήν τε καὶ γραμμικὴν θεωρίαν, αἷς οἷον ἐπιβάσεσιν ἀστρονομία καὶ ἀρχιτεκτονία χρῆται.
But since this is a sufficiently difficult matter, as you have often learned by experience in the case of the conceited men who behave unseemly and are laughed at because they cannot reduce even ordinary sought matters to the first criterion, he who wishes to become scientific must follow himself, being trained, as I said before, in many of the individual matters which can bear witness to those who find it; and such are the matters in arithmetic and geometric theory, which astronomy and architecture use as if they were stepping-stones.