§1## ΓΑΛΗΝΟΥ, ΕΙ ΚΑΤΑ ΦΥΣΙΝ ΕΝ ΑΡΤΗΡΙΑΙΣ ΑΙΜΑ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΕΤΑΙ, ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ.
Ἐπειδὴ, τιτρωσκομένης ἀρτηρίας ἡστινοσοῦν, φαίνεται κενούμενον αἷμα, δυοῖν θάτερον ἀναγκαῖον ὑπάρχειν, ἢ ἐν αὐταῖς αὐτὸ περιέχεσθαι ταῖς ἀρτηρίαις, ἢ ἑτέρωθεν μεταλαμβάνεσθαι.
## GALEN, ON WHETHER BLOOD IS CONTAINED IN THE ARTERIES ACCORDING TO NATURE Since, when any artery whatsoever is wounded, blood is seen being emptied, one of two things must necessarily be the case: either it is contained in the arteries themselves, or it is transferred from elsewhere.
ἀλλ’ εἰ μεταλαμβάνεται, παντί που δῆλον, ὡς, ὅτ’ εἶχον κατὰ φύσιν, πνεῦμα μόνον ἐν αὐταῖς περιείχετο.
But if it is transferred, it is surely clear to everyone that, when they were in their natural state, only pneuma was contained in them.
εἰ δὲ τοῦτο, ἐν ταῖς τρώσεσιν ἐχρῆν πρότερον τοῦ αἵματος ἐκκενούμενον φαίνεσθαι τὸ πνεῦμα.
And if this were so, in the case of wounds, the pneuma ought to have been seen being emptied out before the blood.
οὐχὶ δέ γε φαίνεται· οὐκ οὖν οὐδὲ μόνον ἔμπροσθεν περιείχετο.
But indeed it is not seen; therefore, neither was it contained alone beforehand.
καὶ διὰ βραχυτέρου δ’ ἂν λόγου ταὐτὸν ἀποδειχθείη τόνδε τὸν τρόπον.
And the same thing could be demonstrated by a shorter argument in the following manner.
εἰ τιτρωσκομένων ἀρτηριῶν αἷμα παραχρῆμα φαίνεται κενούμενον, ἦν ἄρα ἐν ἀρτηρίαις αἷμα καὶ πρὸ τοῦ τρωθῆναι.
If, when arteries are wounded, blood is seen being emptied immediately, then blood was indeed in the arteries even before they were wounded.
δῆλον γὰρ, ὡς ἐν τούτῳ τῷ λόγῳ τὸ παραχρῆμα προκείμενον ἀληθῆ ποιεῖ τὴν τοῦ ἑπομένου τῷ συνημμένῳ πρὸς τὸ ἡγούμενον ἀκολουθίαν.
For it is clear that in this argument the premise 'immediately' makes true the consequence of the consequent to the antecedent in the conditional.
ἁπλῶς μὲν γὰρ ῥηθὲν χωρὶς τοῦ παραχρῆμα τόνδε τὸν τρόπον, εἰ τιτρωσκομένων ἀρτηριῶν αἷμα φαίνεται κενούμενον, ἑπόμενον ἕξει τὸ κατ’ ἀρχὰς εὐθὺς ῥηθὲν, τὸ, ἤτοι καὶ πρόσθεν ἐν αὐταῖς περιείχετο, ἢ νῦν μεταλαμβάνεται· προσκειμένου δὲ τοῦ παραχρῆμα, τὸ ἑπόμενον ἦν ἐν ἀρτηρίαις αἷμα καὶ πρὸ τοῦ τρωθῆναι, συνθέτου δηλονότι τοῦ παντὸς λόγου γιγνομένου τόνδε τὸν τρόπον. εἰ τιτρωσκομένων ἀρτηριῶν φαίνεται κενούμενον αἷμα, ἤτοι ἐν αὐταῖς περιείχετο ταῖς ἀρτηρίαις· ἢ ἑτέρωθεν μεταλαμβάνεται· ἀλλὰ μὴν τιτρωσκομένων τῶν ἀρτηριῶν φαίνεται κενούμενον αἷμα, οὐ μεταλαμβάνεται, ὡς δείξομεν· ἐν αὐταῖς ἄρα ταῖς ἀρτηρίαις περιείχετο. πῶς οὖν, ὅτι μὴ μεταλαμβάνεται;
For if it is stated simply, without 'immediately', in this manner—'if, when arteries are wounded, blood is seen being emptied'—it will have as its consequent what was said immediately at the beginning, namely: 'either it was contained in them beforehand, or it is now transferred'; but when 'immediately' is added, the consequent is 'blood was in the arteries even before they were wounded,' with the entire argument obviously being composed in the following manner: 'if, when arteries are wounded, blood is seen being emptied, either it was contained in the arteries themselves, or it is transferred from elsewhere; but indeed, when the arteries are wounded, blood is seen being emptied, and it is not transferred (as we shall show); therefore, it was contained in the arteries themselves.' How then do we know that it is not transferred?
ἐφαίνετο δήπου πρὸ αὐτοῦ κενούμενον πνεῦμα;
Surely the pneuma would have been seen being emptied before it?
ἀλλὰ μὴν οὐ φαίνεται· οὐκ ἄρα μεταλαμβάνεται.
But indeed it is not seen; therefore, it is not transferred.
ἀρκεῖ τοῦτο εἰς ἀπόδειξιν τοῖς μήθ’ αἱρέσει τινὶ προκατειλημμένοις, μήτ’ ἀγνοοῦσιν ἀληθεῖς λόγους διακρίνειν ψευδῶν.
This is sufficient for a demonstration for those who are neither preoccupied by some sect, nor ignorant of how to distinguish true arguments from false ones.
ἐπεὶ δ’ οὐ πάντες τοιοῦτοι. πλειόνων ἴσως πρὸς ἐκείνους δεήσει λόγων.
But since not everyone is of this sort, more arguments will perhaps be needed for them.
ἀντιλαμβάνονται γοῦν οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἐρασίστρατον ψεῦδος εἶναι φάσκοντες τὸ συνημμένον.
At any rate, the followers of Erasistratus object, claiming that the conditional is false.
οὐ γὰρ ἀληθὲς ὑπάρχειν φασὶ τὸ, εἰ μεταλαμβάνεται, πρὸ αὐτοῦ κενούμενον πνεῦμα· δύναται γὰρ κενοῦσθαι μὲν, μὴ φαίνεσθαι δὲ, λεπτομερὲς ὂν καὶ κοῦφον, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ῥᾳδίως ἐκπεμπόμενον.
For they say that it is not true that, if it is transferred, the pneuma is emptied before it; for it is possible for it to be emptied but not to be seen, since it is extremely fine-grained and light, and for this reason is easily discharged.
ἀναγκαῖον οὖν αὖθις ἡμῖν δεικνύειν, ὡς οὐκ ἂν λάθοι.
Therefore, it is necessary for us to show in turn that it could not escape notice.
πῶς οὖν ἀποδείκνυμεν;
How then do we demonstrate this?
πολυειδῶς μὲν, ὡς δ’ ἂν καὶ σαφεῖς γίνωνται οἱ λόγοι, καὶ τάξει προΐωσιν, ἀναγκαῖον αὐτοὺς ἐκείνους ἐρέσθαι, πῶς ἐκκενοῦσθαι θέλουσι τὸ πνεῦμα, πότερον ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ φερόμενον, ἢ πρὸς ἑτέρου τινὸς ὠθούμενον.
In many ways, but so that the arguments may become clear and proceed in order, it is necessary to ask those very men how they wish the pneuma to be emptied: whether moving by its own accord, or pushed by something else.
ἀποκρινοῦνται δὲ οὐχ ὡσαύτως ἅπαντες, ἀλλ’ οἱ μὲν ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ φέρεσθαί φασιν, οἱ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς καρδίας ὠθεῖσθαι.
And they will not all answer in the same way, but some say that it moves by its own accord, while others say that it is pushed from the heart.
καὶ τοίνυν καὶ ἡμῖν ἑκατέροις ἐν μέρει δεικτέον ἐστὶν, ὡς ἀδύνατα λέγουσιν.
And so indeed we must show in turn to each of them that they are saying things that are impossible.